Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of chromium nitride coatings

Aouadi, Samir; Mihut, Dorina M.; Kuruppu, M. L.; Kirkpatrick, Scott; Rohde, S. L.

doi:10.1116/1.1405513

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…6(b). The refractive indices of the films lies in the range of 2.44 to 2.62 at 550 nm and is close to the reported values for Cr 2 N [4,19]. The film grown at 100°C has a refractive index (n) of 2.62 at 550 nm, which remains higher than those of samples deposited at 200 and 300°C for the whole range of wavelength.…”

Section: Ellipsometry Analysissupporting

confidence: 78%

Structural and optical analysis of Cr2N thin films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering

Khan

Mahmood²,

Shah³

et al. 2015

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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Chromium nitride (Cr 2 N) thin films were prepared by a DC magnetron sputtering technique. The deposition temperature was raised from 50 to 300°C, and its influence on the film structure and refractive index was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the crystalline structure of the films transforms from the (101) to (002) oriented hexagonal Cr 2 N phase as the increase of substrate temperature above 50°C, and a highly textured film grows at 100°C. An empirical relation between the crystalline orientation and infrared active modes of the films is obtained, i.e., the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the film prepared at 50°C exhibits only A 1 (TO) mode. The prominent peak in the FTIR spectra of the film prepared above 50°C is assigned to the E 1 (TO) mode and is correlated with the (002) or c-axis oriented hexagonal wurtzite phase of Cr 2 N. In the surface analysis of atomic force microscopy, a transformation from the featureless surface to columnar-type morphology is observed with the increase of substrate temperature from 50 to 100°C, exhibiting c-axis oriented crystallite growth. A further increase in substrate temperature to 200°C causes the c-axis crystallites to merge, resulting in the formation of voids. The refractive index (n) of the deposited films is obtained using spectroscopic ellipsometry.

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Section: Ellipsometry Analysissupporting

confidence: 78%

Structural and optical analysis of Cr2N thin films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering

Khan

Mahmood²,

Shah³

et al. 2015

Int J Miner Metall Mater

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…• (2θ) was observed that may possibly be assigned to the CrN (200) orientation [21,25]. Both phases are according to the literature thermodynamically stable [21].…”

Section: Bulk and Surface Characteristics Of Nonexposed Powdersmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Both phases are according to the literature thermodynamically stable [21]. The main diffraction peaks of chromium metal were in addition observed.…”

Section: Bulk and Surface Characteristics Of Nonexposed Powdersmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…As a consequence, this powder resulted in the largest measured surface area, 1.26 m 2 /g. Cr 2 N was identified as the predominant crystalline phase of the Cr-N powder according to the GI-XRD investigation [21,25,32]. In addition, a weak reflection 43.6…”

Section: Bulk and Surface Characteristics Of Nonexposed Powdersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chromium carbide (Cr 3 C 2 ) has been shown to be practically insoluble in boiling HCl [12] whereas Cr 2 N was shown to have higher solubility in HCl compared with CrN [13]. In addition, surface and bulk characteristics of both chromium carbide and chromium nitride have been carefully examined with techniques such as XPS, SEM, and XRD [21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Stability of Chromium Carbide and Chromium Nitride Powders Compared with Chromium Metal in Synthetic Biological Solutions

2012

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Chromium carbide (Cr-C) and chromium nitride (Cr-N) powders were compared with a chromium metal powder (Cr-metal) to evaluate their chemical stability in solution. All three powders were exposed in five different synthetic biological solutions of varying pH and chemical composition simulating selected human exposure conditions. Characterisation of the powders, using GI-XRD, revealed that the predominant bulk crystalline phases were Cr7C3 and Cr2N for Cr-C and Cr-N respectively. The outermost surface of Cr-C, determined by XPS, contained Cr7C3 and Cr2O3 and the corresponding measurement on Cr-N revealed Cr2N and CrN apart from Cr2O3. The presence of Cr2O3 was verified by XPS investigations of the Cr-metal powder. The mean particle size was similar for Cr-metal and Cr-N but slightly smaller for Cr-C. All three powders were poorly soluble and released very low amounts of chromium (<0.00015 μg Cr/μg loaded particles) independent on test solution. Slightly higher chromium concentrations were determined in the more acidic media (pH 1.7 and 4.5) compared with the near-neutral solutions (pH 7.2 and 7.4). Cr-C released the lowest amount of Cr despite having the largest surface area a feature attributed to the strong covalent bonds within the matrix.

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Sustainable Energy Resources for Driving Methane Conversion

Chen

Weng

2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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The conversion of methane to value‐added chemicals by traditional reforming processes suffers from intensive energy consumption due to its particularly strong C─H bonds. Thus, it is urgent to optimize the driving force structure for methane conversion by accelerating the integration of sustainable energy. In this review, the advances in sustainable energy‐driven methane conversion are systematically summarized to provide a scientific understanding of methane conversion in operation/storage concepts, reactor design, technological maturity, system optimization, and remaining issues. Furthermore, the essence, economic evaluations, energy balance, and social impacts of methane conversion driven by sustainable energy are carefully discussed, paving a path for the future course of research and development. Diversifying the energy mix can play an important role in the future of sustainable energy‐driven methane conversion industries, being used as a crucial step for the transition to sustainable energy, especially the combination of solar/nuclear energy with fossil fuels to produce value‐added chemicals. Additionally, this review intends to bridge the studies of methane conversion and sustainable energy‐driven development, with the ultimate goal of offering a robust framework to understand the current status of sustainable energy‐driven methane conversion and provide guidance for the design of sustainable solutions for a greener future.

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Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of chromium nitride coatings

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Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Structural and optical analysis of Cr2N thin films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering

Structural and optical analysis of Cr2N thin films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering

Chemical Stability of Chromium Carbide and Chromium Nitride Powders Compared with Chromium Metal in Synthetic Biological Solutions

Sustainable Energy Resources for Driving Methane Conversion

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