“…However, as additional rutile formed during the crystallographic transformation, the dissolution resistance continued to increase, which led to similar pore sizes and porosities of the samples treated at 180 V and 200 V. Figure 4 shows that the control sample exhibited presented the poorest adsorbing ability for proteins and that the protein adsorption ability increased as the applied voltage was increased from 150 V to 180 V. As the applied voltages increase, the thickness, surface roughness and porosity of the anodised TiO 2 layer increase (27), which, in turn, increase the biocompatibility and improve the protein adsorption ability (26). In addition, compared with rutile and amorphous titanium, anatase exhibits better bioactivity (30,31). Therefore, due to the decrease in the amount of anatase on the surface anodised at 200 V, the protein adsorption ability did not obviously change between Group 180 V and Group 200 V.…”