Spectroscopic investigations on kidney stones using Fourier transform infrared and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Abstract

Kidney stone is the most painful and prevalent urological disorder of the urinary system throughout the world. Thus, analysis of kidney stones is an integral part in the evaluation of patents having stone disease. Spectroscopic investigations of stones provide an idea about the pathogenesis of stones for its better cure and treatment. Hence, the present work targets multispectroscopic investigations on kidney stones using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and wave dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectroscopy which are the most useful analytical methods for the purpose of bio-medical diagnostics. In the present study, FTIR spectral method is used to investigate the chemical composition and classification of kidney stones. The multicomponents of kidney stones such as calcium oxalate, hydroxyl apatite, phosphates, carbonates, and struvite were investigated and studied. Qualitative and quantitative determination of major and trace elements present in the kidney stones was performed employing WD-XRF spectroscopy. The wide range of elements determined in the kidney stones were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), iodine (I), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), strontium (Sr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and bromine (Br). For the first time, ruthenium was detected in kidney stone samples employing WD-XRF in very low concentration. Our results revealed that the presence and relative concentrations of trace elements in different kinds of stones are different and depend on the stone types. From the experiments carried out on kidney stones for trace elemental detection, it was found that WD-XRF is a robust analytical tool that can be useful for the diagnosis of urological disorders. We have also compared our findings with the results reported using XRF technique. The results obtained in the present paper show interesting prospects for FTIR and WD-XRF spectrometry in nephrolithiasis. Copyright

Analysis of stones formed in the human gall bladder and kidney using advanced spectroscopic techniques

“…In addition, relevant standards can be used for quantitative analyses. FTIR has a proven capability to analyze gallstones and kidney stones and exhibits specificity, rapidity, and multi-purpose properties (Rao et al 2011;Rai 2014 &Singh et al 2017;Jaswal et al 2016aJaswal et al , 2019. It can be used to analyze a wide range of bulk materials, thin films, liquids, solids, pastes, powders, and fibers.…”

“…X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) is a useful analytical technique for the study of elemental composition of bulk materials including biomaterials due to its accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and dynamic linear range (Bielecka et al 2014;Singh et al 2017;Haschke 2014). It covers a broad range of elements and can handle a wide spread of weight fractions ranging from traces to pure elements.…”

“…Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of a typical WDXRF spectrometer. Use of WDXRF spectrometry for stone analysis is an emerging area in biomedical field (Singh et al 2017;Jaswal et al 2019). A variant of X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy in energy dispersive mode (EDXRF) has also been applied to the analysis of kidney stones (Gurol et al 2004), and gallstones (Ekinci and Sahin 2002;Ashok et al 2003).…”

“…The authors showed that Zn levels are dramatically increased in carbapatite of RP by comparison to carbapatite in kidney stones, suggesting that calcified deposits within the medullar interstitium are a pathological process involving a tissue reaction. Singh et al (2017) analyzed kidney stone samples after classifying them by an FTIR spectroscopy-based assessment of their chemical composition, particularly oxalate type (KS1, KS3-KS5) and struvite type (KS2) stones.…”

EDXRF, FTIR, and XRD characterization of low calcium oxalate urinary stones collected from arid area

“…General elemental analysis and main compositions of urinary stones have been described using different spectroscopic techniques; namely X-ray fluorescence (XRF), protoninduced X-ray emission (PIXE), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] It was reported that most of the kidney stones were calcium oxalates and calcium phosphates. [16] Using different XRF setups, methods were developed for qualitiative and quantitiatve elemental analysis of uriany stones, whereas the most of these methods are nondestructive, wide dynamic range, precise, and rapid.…”