Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes for mortality in the world and there is no effective chemotherapy at present. Therefore, development of new therapeutically effective and low toxic reagents, particularly injectable drugs, will be of great significance. ZCVI 4 -2 ( Fig. 1) is a newly developed furoxan-based nitric oxide-releasing derivative of oleanolic acid, and has been successfully synthesized as galactosyl derivative 3 of the compound 1 (furoxan-based nitric oxide-releasing derivative of oleanolic acid) by Huang et al. 1) As reported previously, it exhibited strong cytotoxicity against HCC in vitro and significantly inhibited the growth of HCC tumors in vivo, indicating that ZCVI 4 -2 may be a promising candidate for the treatment of human HCC. 1) However, ZCVI 4 -2 has a very low aqueous solubility (Ͻ10 mg/ml at pH 3.0-9.0). The poor solubility of ZCVI 4 -2 has been a major hindrance in the development of its parenteral dosage forms. In our previous research, the combination of macrogol 15 hydroxystearate (Solutol HS-15), propylene glycol and ethanol was used to improve its solubility successfully to be up to 5 mg/ml. In vivo activity evaluation indicated that ZCVI 4 -2 treatment with 25 mg/kg of ZCVI 4 -2 enhanced the inhibitory effect on the growth of HCC tumors SMMC-7721 transplanted in nude mice ( pϽ0.01 vs. treatment with 12.5 mg/kg), and its inhibitory effect was similar to that of 5-FU treatment. The tumor weights in the mice treated with ZCVI 4 -2 at 12.5 or 25 mg/kg was significantly lower than that from the vehicletreated controls (pϽ0.01). However, ZCVI 4 -2 injection displayed obvious toxicity to mice in toxicological studies with a LD 50 value of 94.1 mg/kg. 1) By comparing the mice survival of ZCVI 4 -2 suspension with ZCVI 4 -2 injection, it was inferred that the toxicity of ZCVI 4 -2 may be attributed firstly to the fast release of nitric oxide (NO) in blood and secondly to the surfactant and organic solvents in the formulation.The serum albumin was used frequently for the preparation of nanoparticles because of its excellent water-solubility and biocompatibility. Human serum albumin (HSA) had been successfully bound with paclitaxel and formulated into Abraxane ® , the paclitaxel protein-bound particles for injectable suspension. The absence of organic solvents and surfactants significantly improved the clinical safety.2-5) The key step to prepare the protein (bovine serum albumin (BSA) or HSA)-bound nanocomplex is to determine the rational condition for the binding between drug and protein through interaction study. To date, however, the interaction characteristics, the binding condition for paclitaxel and HSA, the screening process of formulation and technology of Abraxane ® were not reported. To delay the release of the NO, and to lower the toxicity after injection, the serum albumin (BSA) was utilized for the preparation of the surfactant-free serum albumin nanocomplexes of ZCVI 4 -2 in this study. The main objective of the present study is to study the in...