Self-assembled monolayers of ferrocene−porphyrin−C60 triads on gold electrodes were prepared to mimic
photosynthetic electron transfer events where efficient conversion of light to chemical energy takes place via
the long-lived, charge-separated state with a high quantum yield. Adsorbed amounts of the triads on the gold
electrodes, estimated from the charge of the anodic peak of the ferrocene, are comparable to those of the
well-ordered porphyrin−alkanethiols and C60−alkanethiols on gold electrodes. The results, together with
blocking experiments using a redox probe, indicate that the triad molecules are well-packed with an almost
perpendicular orientation on the gold surface. The monolayer thickness obtained using X-ray reflectivity
analysis is consistent with the structural model of the monolayer. Photoelectrochemical studies were carried
out in a standard three-electrode system using the gold electrodes modified with the self-assembled monolayers
of the triads. Stable cathodic photocurrents were observed in the presence of electron carriers such as oxygen
and/or methyl viologen in the electrolyte when the modified gold electrodes were illuminated with a
monochromic light. A photoinduced multistep electron-transfer mechanism is proposed for the photoelectrochemical cells. Thus, vectorial electron transfer or partial charge transfer occurs from the excited singlet
state of the porphyrin to the C60, followed by the successive charge shift from the ferrocene to the porphyrin
cation radical, to produce the ferrocene cation radical and the C60 anion radical. The C60 anion radical gives
an electron to the counter electrode via the electron carriers in the electrolyte solution, whereas electron
transfer takes place from the gold electrode to the ferrocene cation radical, resulting in the recovery of the
initial state and the generation of the overall electron flow. The artificial photosynthetic cells show the highest
quantum efficiency (20−25%) ever reported for photoinduced multistep electron transfer at monolayer-modified
metal electrodes and across artificial membranes using donor−acceptor linked molecules. The result indicates
clearly that C60 acts as an excellent electron acceptor as well as an electron mediator in artificial photosynthetic
membranes. The molecule-based methodology will provide a new direction for the development of solar
energy conversion and molecular devices.