concern the national level, "with marginal references to the local level" (Borys 2014: 61). This is also noticed by Grzegorz Kula, according to whom "important aspects of good governance refer to the very structure of a state, its political system and traditions, therefore, it is difficult to assess them at the levels lower than the central one" (Kula 2013: 284). Simultaneously, Kula observes that "theoretically, the shorter the distance between authorities and citizens, the easier it is to assess the quality of governance" (Ibidem 286). It seems therefore that the problem of measuring the quality of governance should be less complicated at the level of local government than at the central level. Not only the alleged ease of access to information on activities of local authorities but also the fact that the individual directly experiences the result of the governance process at this level determine the importance of research on the quality of governance at the commune level. According to the authors, this position is supported by the still valid opinion of Alexis de Tocqueville on the special role of commune institutions which "for freedom, are what primary schools are for science: they cause freedom to become available to the people, allow it to develop a taste for its practice, and make it accustomed to use it" (De Tocqueville 2005: 57). Thus, the commune has an enormous potential for political socialization consistent with 2 The post-war population transfers took place at the former territory of the Central European countries, mostly affected current territory of Poland (former Germany) and Ukraine (former Poland). Between 1944 and 1951 in all Central Europe about 20 million of people left homes, because of forced transfers.