Speed and accuracy evaluation of additive manufacturing machines

Brajlih, Tomaž; Valentan, Bogdan; Balič, Jože; Drstvenšek, Igor

doi:10.1108/13552541111098644

Cited by 116 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The current machines that are on the market may not always be the most reliable due to a lack of quality control systems [14]. The errors for 3D printing fall into three categories: data preparation, process error, and material error.…”

Section: Challenge 5: Error Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten challenges in 3D printing

Oropallo

Piegl

2015

Engineering with Computers

319

170

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predominantly in two ways: (1) material is removed from a stock, or (2) material is added to a part in progress that started out as a non-existent entity, e.g., an empty moving table or a box of powder with no part being solidified, depending on the type of manufacturing process being deployed. 3D printing is a technology that adds material to produce the part, and hence, it is also called additive manufacturing. Our notion of printing involves transferring ink to paper, line-by-line until the document is completed. Generalizing this process to 3D would involve transferring material to 3D space layer-by-layer till the object is completed. Since most of the 3D printers manufacture objects layer-by-layer, the term 3D printing struck.Since our 2D printers have become such common, and by-and-large, fairly reliable machines, this may create the impression that going from 2D to 3D is a straightforward task. The third dimension has always posed a challenge to mankind (according to surveys we performed, a significant percentage of people are 3D blind), so much so that we believe that 3D printing will be no exception. The ten challenges below illustrate the rocky road ahead and show that this technology may not be as disruptive, at least in the short term, as the media wants the public to believe. The list is by no means exhaustive and it represents our understanding of and opinion about the technology. We selected what we believed to be the most relevant papers for this review. Challenge 1: shape optimizationOptimization of the design space is made possible with additive manufacturing since the process has the ability to fill the interior part of the object in practically infinite ways. The design space is any area of the model that can be Abstract Three dimensional printing has gained considerable interest lately due to the proliferation of inexpensive devices as well as open source software that drive those devices. Public interest is often followed by media coverage that tends to sensationalize technology. Based on popular articles, the public may create the impression that 3D printing is the Holy Grail; we are going to print everything as one piece, traditional manufacturing is at the brink of collapse, and exotic applications, such as cloning a human body by 3D bio-printing, are just around the corner. The purpose of this paper is to paint a more realistic picture by identifying ten challenges that clearly illustrate the limitations of this technology, which makes it just as vulnerable as anything else that had been touted before as the next game changer.

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Section: Challenge 5: Error Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten challenges in 3D printing

Oropallo

Piegl

2015

Engineering with Computers

319

170

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“…Taha and Rostam [7] present a decision support system to select the best alternative machine using a hybrid approach of fuzzy AHP and PROMETHEE. A MATLAB-based fuzzy AHP is used to determine the weights of the criteria and the PROMETHEE method is applied for the final ranking.…”

Section: The Methodology Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printer Selection by Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and PROMETHEE

Çetinkaya¹,

Kabak²,

Özceylan³

2017

Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi

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-A 3D printer is a device which is used to produce three-dimensional objects from a digital 3D file. The 3D printers were very expensive and not really affordable for the general public so they were being used only by firms. But nowadays, 3D printers are more accessible to the public with competitive prices and many different models. This situation reveals the problem of choosing the best alternative among these printers. In this paper, we handle the 3D printer selection problem of a company which is in 3D production business. Since there is no study in literature that uses a hybrid Fuzzy AHP and PROMETHEE for selecting a 3D printer, it is believed that this paper can help the decision makers about their 3D printer selection decisions. Another importance of the paper can be introduced as being a real life guide for a real life problem of a company. To solve the problem, firstly the selection criteria are obtained from the company. Then, selection criteria are prioritized using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and potential 3D printers are ranked using PROMETHEE. Finally, the best 3D printer is chosen for the company among five close alternatives. Keywords -3D printer, Fuzzy AHP, PROMETHEE, Additive manufacturingBulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve PROMETHEE Yöntemi İle 3D Yazıcı SeçimiÖzet -3B yazıcılar, dijital ortamda bulunan ürün dosyalarını kullanarak 3 boyutlu cisimlerin üretiminin gerçekleştirildiği yazıcılardır. Piyasaya sürüldükleri ilk zamanlarda 3B yazıcılar sadece büyük işletmeler tarafından kullanılan çok pahalı cihazlardı. Ancak zamanla 3B yazıcı üreticilerinin sayılarının artması ile artan rekabet ortamında bir yandan yazıcı çeşitleri artmış diğer taraftan da satış fiyatları düşmüştür. Yazıcı sayılarının ve çeşitlerinin artması ise en uygun yazıcı tipinin seçimi gibi bir problemin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, 3B yazıcı sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir işletme için alternatifler arasından en iyi 3B yazıcı seçim problemi ele alınmıştır. 3B yazıcı seçimi için bulanık analitik hiyerarşi süreci (AHS) ve PROMETHEE yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı melez bir çalışmaya literatürde rastlanılmadığı için bu çalışmanın karar vericilerin söz konusu probleme yaklaşımlarına yardımcı olacağına inanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın diğer bir önemli noktası ise gerçek hayat problemine çözüm aramasıdır. Bu çalışmada 3 aşamalı bir çözüm yaklaşımı uygulanmıştır. İlk aşamada 3B yazıcı seçiminde dikkat edilmesi gereken kriterler netleştirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada söz konusu kriterler bulanık AHS yöntemi ile ağırlıklandırılmış, alternatif 3B yazıcılar ise PROMETHEE yöntemi ile sıralanmıştır. Son aşamada ise, en iyi 3B yazıcı 5 alternatif arasından seçilmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler -3D yazıcı, Bulanık AHS, PROMETHEE, Eklemeli üretim

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“…More broadly, AM opens up a new design space for battery electrode and cell architectures. Although processing speeds of some AM methods may not keep pace with conventional battery roll coating lines, 11 the unprecedented freeform fabrication and adaptability makes AM a promising candidate for highly integrated applications, flexible devices, or miniaturized devices where batteries must be precisely and robustly integrated with electronics. The reduction in process steps made possible by AM can mitigate many concerns about slow deposition speeds.…”

Section: Going Forward: Rethinking Battery Design and Integration Witmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing: Rethinking Battery Design

Cobb

Ho²

2016

Interface magazine

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T wo major trends are changing the way batteries are designed. First, small portable electronic devices have steadily evolved toward compact and thin form factors while retaining high levels of device functionality. As a result of this trend, batteries have become an everincreasing fraction of the total device volume, as shown in Fig. 1. Second, the advent of truly manufacturable and scalable flexible electronics has lifted the dimensional limitations of device design. However, this has in turn introduced new design complexities for integration, processing, and reliability. Connecting and integrating a battery, which oftentimes is the largest component in an electronic device, poses complex manufacturing, cost, and reliability issues. These technology progressions have motivated a shift in energy storage design and manufacturing to accommodate novel materials, new device geometries, and non-traditional fabrication methods. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a suite of manufacturing processes that is currently changing the way we design and manufacture products.1 AM technology will lead to a revolution in the way energy storage components are designed, integrated, and utilized in electronic devices. In this article we focus on recent advances in additive manufacturing for batteries and highlight current and future research directions for battery design, manufacturing, and integration for small, portable, and wearable electronics. Conventional Large-scale Battery ManufacturingAdvances in batteries are following typical process scale and efficiency trajectories. Batteries, such as the lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells found in smartphones, typically contain four main elements: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a liquid electrolyte, and polymer-based separators. Focusing on the anode and cathode, traditional fabrication methods use ink-like materials (referred to as slurries) to form the electrode films. The slurries are formed by mixing electrode materials and conductive additives with binders for adhesion. This slurry is then spread onto a foil in a slot die or blade coating machine.Slot die or blade coating is the standard method for depositing battery electrodes in industry. In this process, a slot die head or blade is set a fixed distance from a current collector substrate. In large-scale production, the substrate moves, the head/ blade is fixed, and material is continuously injected onto the moving foil and is evenly distributed over the current collector. The head/blade typically resides about 5-200 µm above the current collector substrate where smaller gap distances may result in imperfect applied films after drying, and larger operating gaps may result in uneven surfaces. The final thickness of the dried electrode depends on the concentration, morphology, viscosity, and surface chemistry of the ink or slurry. This coating process has been used successfully at scale for many years to fabricate battery electrodes, however, there is no inherent capability to pattern shapes or nonrectilinear features into this e...

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Speed and accuracy evaluation of additive manufacturing machines

Cited by 116 publications

References 10 publications

Ten challenges in 3D printing

Ten challenges in 3D printing

3D Printer Selection by Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and PROMETHEE

Additive Manufacturing: Rethinking Battery Design

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