Speed of Sound in Castor Oil

Timme, R. W.

doi:10.1121/1.1913205

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Measurements made when the tube was filled with pure Castor oil, at room temperature, and the hydrostatic pressure varied between 100 and 800 kPa found the sound speed to be 810± 2 m / s over the entire pressure range. This speed compares with a theoretical value of 811 m / s obtained with E = 3 GPa and v = 0.4, 21 and a free-field sound speed of 1499 m / s. 15 The composite medium has a density of 867 kg/ m 3 and is expected to have a sound speed on the order of 330 m / s in the low pressure region of interest. Thus, the sound speed corrections required to obtain freefield sound speeds are expected to be approximately 10% and are relatively small.…”

Section: ͑2͒mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…As such, it has been extremely well characterized by the sonar community. 15,16 Castor oil also has a significantly higher viscosity than water and was chosen to reduce migration of the microspheres, which are positively buoyant. In any practical application the Castor oil would be replaced with a gelatin or soft polyurethane, however, the necessity of making propagation measurements at various locations was simplified by using a fluid.…”

Section: Static Properties Of the Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of a three-phase medium with a negative parameter of nonlinearity

Trivett

Pincon

Rogers

2006

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Nonlinear acoustic properties of a composite medium, consisting of hollow microspheres suspended in Castor Oil, at elevated hydrostatic pressure are experimentally investigated. The acoustic nonlinear parameter B / A of the medium is found to be highly dependent upon hydrostatic pressure. B / A varies from a small negative value near ambient pressure to a very large negative value ͑around −6000͒ in the vicinity of 7 ϫ 10 4 Pascals, above ambient pressure. With a further increase in hydrostatic pressure the magnitude of B / A decreases passing through zero and finally becomes positive. Finite amplitude wave propagation in this medium at low hydrostatic pressures is characterized by waveform steepening in the backward direction leading to rarefactive shockwaves and, at high hydrostatic pressures, by steepening in the forward direction leading to compressive shockwaves. Estimates of B / A are obtained from both the measurement of thermodynamic properties and from waveform distortion during propagation.

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Section: ͑2͒mentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Static Properties Of the Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a three-phase medium with a negative parameter of nonlinearity

Trivett

Pincon

Rogers

2006

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…The literature reports that for pure castor oil, λ is approximately −0.13 %/°C at room temperature (Timme 1972). We found that small percentages of castor oil initially resulted in an increase in sound speed as compared to pure gelatin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Estimation of Ultrasound Thermal Strain Using Pulse Inversion Harmonic Imaging

Ding

Nguyen

James

et al. 2016

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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Thermal (temporal) strain imaging (TSI) is being developed to detect the lipid rich core of atherosclerotic plaques and fatty liver disease. However, the effects of ultrasonic clutter on TSI have not been considered. In this study, we evaluated whether pulse inversion harmonic imaging (PIHI) could be used to improve estimates of thermal (temporal) strains. Using mixed castor oil-gelatin phantoms of different concentrations and artificially introduced clutter, we showed that PIHI improved the signal-to-noise ratio of TSI by an average of 213% or 52.1% as compared to 3.3 MHz and 6.6 MHz imaging. In a phantom constructed using human liposuction fat in the presence of clutter, the contrast-to-noise ratio was degraded by 35.1% for PIHI as compared to 62.4% and 43.7% for 3.3 MHz and 6.6 MHz imaging, respectively. These findings were further validated using an ex vivo carotid endarterectomy sample. PIHI can be used to improve estimates of thermal (temporal) strain in the presence of clutter.

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“…(i) The uncertainty in the speed of sound in castor oil, δc, derived from uncertainties in the estimate of that value [22] and the uncertainty in the temperature and pressure inside the coupler cavity. These terms are explained in more detail in [18] and [23].…”

Section: Estimation Of Type B Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

A primary method for the complex calibration of a hydrophone from 1 Hz to 2 kHz

2017

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Considerations for a new high-accuracy transfer-coupler reciprocity system for absolute electro-acoustic calibration J F Zalesak IntroductionPrimary calibrations of hydrophones at frequencies less than about 1 kHz are typically performed in a coupler reciprocity chamber ('coupler'). The closed and controlled environment in the coupler allows for the performance of primary calibrations over the temperature and hydrostatic pressure range found in the ocean. The coupler reciprocity chamber is designed together with a primary reference standard hydrophone and two other reciprocal transducers because the volume and stiffness of the closed coupler system must be known precisely.The Underwater Sound Reference Division (USRD), a laboratory within the US Navy's (USN) research and development enterprise, provides metrology services related to underwater sound in the United States, including device calibration and leasing of underwater transducers, hydrophones, and projectors. Primary standards are maintained in-house. A coupler reciprocity system provides the primary standard calibration for frequencies less than 2 kHz [1]. The primary reference standard hydrophone is the USRD type H48 [2].To completely reproduce the acoustic waveform measured with a hydrophone, magnitude and phase information are required. Coupler reciprocity calibrations are historically performed measuring only magnitude [1, 3], and [4]. Phase response is more difficult to measure accurately and can be assumed constant when hydrophones are operating well below their resonance frequencies and, for hydrophones with preamplifiers, above their low-frequency cutoff. The type H48 reference is used well below it first resonance, but the low end of the frequency range can be affected by the low-frequency cutoff, problematic when secondary references are needed to measure frequencies below 5 Hz. Extending the coupler reciprocity calibration measurement to include phase is important to provide traceability for secondary references and to reduce AbstractA primary calibration method is demonstrated to obtain the magnitude and phase of the complex sensitivity for a hydrophone at frequencies between 1 Hz and 2 kHz. The measurement is performed in a coupler reciprocity chamber ('coupler'); a closed test chamber where time harmonic oscillations in pressure can be achieved and the reciprocity conditions required for a primary calibration can be realized. Relevant theory is reviewed and the reciprocity parameter updated for the complex measurement. Systematic errors and corrections for magnitude are reviewed and more added for phase. The combined expanded uncertainties of the magnitude and phase of the complex sensitivity at 1 Hz were 0.1 dB re 1 V µPa −1 and ±1• , respectively. Complex sensitivity, sensitivity magnitude, and phase measurements are presented on an example primary reference hydrophone.

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Speed of Sound in Castor Oil

Abstract: The speed of sound in Baker DB-grade castor oil has been measured at temperatures between 0° and 40°C and pressures between atmospheric and 110 MPa (megapascals). The data have been fitted with an empirically determined equation.

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Investigation of a three-phase medium with a negative parameter of nonlinearity

Investigation of a three-phase medium with a negative parameter of nonlinearity

Improved Estimation of Ultrasound Thermal Strain Using Pulse Inversion Harmonic Imaging

A primary method for the complex calibration of a hydrophone from 1 Hz to 2 kHz

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