Speed of sound in water by a direct method

Greenspan, Martin; Tschiegg, Carroll E.

doi:10.6028/jres.059.028

Cited by 189 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…5 this comparison it is apparent that, while being affected by a low random noise, the present data show a systematic deviation from other sources that remains fairly constant as a function of pressure. The same systematic deviation is shown in Table II by a comparison with several accurate measurements at atmospheric pressure [16][17][18][19]. We attribute the lack of accuracy of present data to imperfect coupling of probes and resonant cavities during microwave measurements and the imperfect acoustic performance of the ultrasonic cell.…”

Section: Preliminary Results and Conclusionsupporting

confidence: 69%

A Microwave–Ultrasonic Cell for Sound-Speed Measurements in Liquids

et al. 2005

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In this work preliminary results obtained in developing a prototype cylindrical ultrasonic cell designed to apply a microwave resonance technique to the determination of its internal dimensions are described. Since the apparatus is intended for speed-of-sound measurements in pressurized liquid-phase media, the cell design is such that a double reflector pulse-echo technique can be used for time-of-flight measurements. The main absorption and dispersion effects that influence the acoustic measurement in this interferometer-like configuration and the values of the corresponding corrections are considered and discussed. The performance of the experimental apparatus and method in terms of achievable precision and accuracy was tested by measuring the speed of sound in water on a single isotherm at 325 K between 0.1 and 90 MPa.KEY WORDS: microwave resonator; pulse-echo method; speed of sound.

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Section: Preliminary Results and Conclusionsupporting

confidence: 69%

A Microwave–Ultrasonic Cell for Sound-Speed Measurements in Liquids

et al. 2005

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“…The reliability of the measurements was checked by obtaining sound velocity data for water at T ) 298.15 K (1497.6 m‚s -1 ), which agree well with the reported literature data. 52 The standard deviation for the speed of sound measurement values was found to be on the order of (0. Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Studies of Ionic Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids [Emim][Br] and [Bmim][Cl]

et al. 2008

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Experimental measurements of density at different temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 313.15 K, the speed of sound and osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K for aqueous solution of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Emim][Br]), and osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K for aqueous solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) in the dilute concentration region are taken. The data are used to obtain compressibilities, expansivity, apparent and limiting molar properties, internal pressure, activity, and activity coefficients for [Emim][Br] in aqueous solutions. Experimental activity coefficient data are compared with that obtained from Debye-Hückel and Pitzer models. The activity data are further used to obtain the hydration number and the osmotic second virial coefficients of ionic liquids. Partial molar entropies of [Bmim][Cl] are also obtained using the free-energy and enthalpy data. The distance of the closest approach of ions is estimated using the activity data for ILs in aqueous solutions and is compared with that of X-ray data analysis in the solid phase. The measured data show that the concentration dependence for aqueous solutions of [Emim][Br] can be accounted for in terms of the hydrophobic hydration of ions and that this IL exhibits Coulombic interactions as well as hydrophobic hydration for both the cations and anions. The small hydration numbers for the studied ILs indicate that the low charge density of cations and their hydrophobic nature is responsible for the formation of the water-structure-enforced ion pairs.

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“…Thus, the distance of propagation of ultrasonic waves was calculated using the published values of the ultrasonic velocity in pure water (Greenspan & Tschiegg, 1957 On the other hand, the time resolution of the wave velocity changes was determined by the frequency of repetition of ultrasonic wave trains given to the muscle, being 250 ,s for the longitudinal velocity measurement and 30 /is for the transverse velocity measurement. The magnitude of perturbation produced in muscle by the applied ultrasonic waves was about 0-1 nm, being negligibly small compared to the perturbations by the ordinary step and sinusoidal length changes in the kilohertz region.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stiffness changes in frog skeletal muscle during contraction recorded using ultrasonic waves.

Hatta

Sugi

Tamura

1988

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. A technique has been developed with which the stiffness changes in frog skeletal muscle can be continuously recorded by measuring the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves (3-7 MHz) with negligibly small perturbations to the contractile system.2. The resting muscle stiffness was 2 256+00002 x 109 N/m2 (S.D.) at 1-2°C (n = 10) and 2-480+0-007 x 109 N/M2 at 19-20°C (n = 12) in the longitudinal direction, and 2-223 + 04008 x 109 N/m2 at 1-2°C (n = 8) and 2 437 + 0 007 x 109 N/M2 at 19-20°C (n = 9) in the transverse direction.3. The resting muscle stiffness measured with ultrasonic waves was virtually insensitive to the resting force development, i.e. the extension of the parallel elastic component.4. The longitudinal muscle stiffness increased during isometric contraction at a rate faster than the force development. The amount of increase of the longitudinal stiffness in an isometric tetanus at 2 2 ,um sarcomere length was 24 ±+01 x 107 N/M2 at 1-2°C (n = 10) and 6-5 + 1-3 x 107 N/m2 at 19-20°C (n = 12).5. On the other hand, the transverse muscle stiffness decreased during isometric contraction at a rate faster than the force development. The amount of decrease of the transverse stiffness in an isometric tetanus at 22 jtm sarcomere length was 5-6+01 x 107 N/M2 at 1-2°C (n = 8) and 64+0-3 x 107 N/M2 at 19-20°C (n = 9).6. The amount of both the longitudinal and the transverse stiffness changes during an isometric tetanus decreased linearly with increasing sarcomere length, indicating that the stiffness changes during contraction reflect the formation of cross-links between the myofilaments.7. Both the longitudinal and the transverse stiffness increased when resting muscle was put into rigor state. The rigor muscle stiffness was insensitive to small stretches, i.e. the strain of the rigor cross-links.8. These results are discussed in connection with the behaviour of cross-bridges during isometric contraction and in rigor.

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Speed of sound in water by a direct method

Cited by 189 publications

References 2 publications

A Microwave–Ultrasonic Cell for Sound-Speed Measurements in Liquids

A Microwave–Ultrasonic Cell for Sound-Speed Measurements in Liquids

Thermodynamic Studies of Ionic Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids [Emim][Br] and [Bmim][Cl]

Stiffness changes in frog skeletal muscle during contraction recorded using ultrasonic waves.

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