SPEEK–zirconium hydrogen phosphate composite membranes with low methanol permeability prepared by electro-migration and in situ precipitation

Sulfonated hydrocarbon membranes for medium-temperature and low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

“…Initially, sulfonated copolymers were soaked in aqueous solutions containing precursors such as silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide [e.g. tetrabutylzirconate (Zr(OBu) 4 , TBZ)] [236,237], and a mixture of zirconium chloride octahydrate and phosphoric acid [238]. After permeation or ion-exchange of the precursors, successive precipitation or hydrolysis, aging, and drying processes followed.…”

“…After permeation or ion-exchange of the precursors, successive precipitation or hydrolysis, aging, and drying processes followed. Here, the hydrophilic domains consisting of -SO 3 H groups were used as acidic nanoreactors for the sol-gel transition [236][237][238][239]. Consequently, inorganic components were preferentially incorporated in the hydrophilic domains of the sulfonated copolymers.…”

A model for methanol transport through Nafion® membrane in diffusion cell

“…Generally, diffusion cells are widely used in measuring methanol permeability, and the mathematical models based on it have been established and analyzed [11,12]. Due to its simplicity, the steady-state diffusion model is mostly used in data analysis although the diffusion cells used have various volume and effective membrane area [9,[13][14][15][16][17]. The steady-state diffusion model assumes the concentration gradient remains as a constant during the measurement, as a result, the concentration of methanol permeating through membrane will increase linearly with the permeation time elapse.…”

Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Membranes Development for Low Temperature Fuel Cell Applications

“…Jiang et al, 2006a;Kuan et al, 2006; H.K. Mitov et al, 2006;Yang et al, 2001aYang et al, ,2001bYang et al, ,2004, SPEEK (Bonnet et al, 2000;Nunes et al, 2002;Silva et al, 2005b;Tchicaya-Bouckary et al, 2002;Triphathi et al, 2007Triphathi et al, ,2009, SPEK (Nunes et al, 2002;Ruffmann et al, 2003) and difulfonated poly(arulene ether sulfone) (Hill et al, 2006). A similar inorganic material derived from ZrP, named zirconium phosphate sulfophenylen-phophonate was also used as a filler with Nafion ® (Y.T.…”