Spent bleaching earth; recycling and utilization techniques: A review

Abdelbasir, Sabah M.; Shehab, Ahmed I.; Khalek, Mohamed Abdel

doi:10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200124

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Disposal of SBE by landfilling causes secondary pollution because the oil content can contaminate water sources and soil, incineration causes emissions of NOx, SOx, and fly ash, and composting make heavy metals to become more concentrated if the recalcitrant organic matter cannot be decomposed [26]. The silica content in SBE can increase the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals [27]. Usually to transport of SBE is using an open dump truck which is very high risk of falling or being carried away by the wind.…”

Section: Roi =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and environmental analysis of spent bleaching earth reactivation

Handoko,

Hasanudin,

Suroso

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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One of the stages in edible oil refining is bleaching, which aims to reduce pigments, gums and metals. Bleaching produces large amounts of spent bleaching earth (SBE) solid waste. SBE is usually treated in traditional processing such as landfill, incineration, compost or using the services of third-party. This paper investigated the best scheme for reactivation of SBE based on economic and environmental aspects. The basis of economic and environmental analysis used reactivated SBE with the best treatment, i.e. extraction of residual oil using n-hexane, thermal activation at 600°C for 60 minutes, acid activation using HCl 10% with impregnation BaCl2 5% (RBE-Ba) and without impregnation (RBE). BET analysis results of RBE-Ba and RBE were obtained with a pore surface area of 160 and 150 m2/gr, a total pore of 0.209 and 0.11 cc/gr, and a total pore size of 2.62 and 6.14 nm. The reactivation schemes being compared were build a new plant (NP) in an existing factory and build a new factory (NF). The most profitable scheme is RBE NP, with ROI is 20.97 % and PBP is 3.23 years. RBE NP is more economical because there is no need to buy new land, buildings, transportation, and low cost for chemicals and labour. NPV of RBE NP is USD 446,633.71, IRR is 15%, and B/C ratio is 53.31%. Based on environmental aspect, it can reduces air pollution resulting from SBE transportation, the risk of water and air contamination, and RBE will reduce the mining of bentonites to prevent environmental damage.

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Section: Roi =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and environmental analysis of spent bleaching earth reactivation

Handoko,

Hasanudin,

Suroso

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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“…It is not uncommon to find misuse of SBE waste that still high in oil contained, for example for additional fuel for boiler furnaces in industry or disposal on vacant land without treatment of waste first. Indiscriminate disposal of waste can cause problems if SBE interacts with water, the compound will easily decompose, causes a distressing unpleasant odour that pollutes the environment [5]. In addition, the oil content that is still contained in the used bentonite as an oil refining adsorbent can also cause land fires if left alone in contact with oxygen and fire sources.…”

Section: Cost Analysis and Environmental Benefitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Used bleaching earth (spent bleaching earth or SBE) will be deactivated over time because its surface has been covered by impurities contained in the CPO refining process including phosphatides, gums, metals, fatty acids and colours in CPO, so that it cannot be reused. If SBE interacts with water, the compound will easily decompose, causing a foul odour that disturbs the environment [5]. Most of the SBE is resold to other parties, burned, or dumped as waste on vacant land, which can cause fires and harm the environment due to its oil content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivation of used bentonite (Spent Bleaching Earth) and its reuse as adsorbent for CPO (Crude Palm Oil) bleaching process

Latisya,

Indrasti,

Muslich

2024

BIO Web Conf.

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Used bentonite or spent bleaching earth (SBE) is one of agro-industrial solid wastes in palm oil bleaching process. SBE has potential to be reactivated and reuse as adsorbent of crude palm oil (CPO). Reusing reactivated SBE is an effort to utilize waste so that it can increase added value while also preventing environmental damage due to waste accumulation. This study aimed to determine the effect of repeated use of reactivated SBE as adsorbent in the CPO bleaching process. The research methods consisted of 4 stages: characterization, reactivation of SBE and CPO bleaching process, then analysis of bleached oil, and cost analysis of the process. This study used two different types of SBE whose oil content had previously been recovered. Repetitive use of both SBE samples affected the quality of bleached oil. Maximum repetitive use that could be received by using SBE samples A was at fourth level and B was at the second level. Costs analysis of reactivation and two times repeated use of SBE was higher than fresh bleaching earth (FBE) purchase with equivalent amount for bleaching process. However, reactivation and reuse of SBE could increase the added value of the waste and prevent negative impacts on the environment.

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“…This material acts as an adsorbent, where its active side, the silanol group (Si-OH), can bind peroxide and free fatty acid carbonyl groups [38]. The addition of BE aims to absorb impurities present in used cooking oil [39][40][41]. This allows peroxide compounds and free fatty acids that were not absorbed in the first stage to be adsorbed on the surface of the BE adsorbent.…”

Section: Oil Purificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Liquid Soap Utilising Used Cooking Oil with Aloe Vera as an Antibacterial Agent

Sukro Muhab,

Zahra,

Revita Nurul Rafah

et al. 2024

Chem. Mater.

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Waste cooking oil has been repurposed in the preparation of liquid hand soap, enriched with Aloe vera extract as an antibacterial agent. To ensure the safety and efficacy of the product in bacterial inhibition, comprehensive testing of physical quality and antibacterial activity has been undertaken on the produced liquid soap. The test results affirm that the soap product complies with the Indonesian National Standard for free alkali content, acidity level (pH), foam height, foam stability, and water content. Notably, the soap exhibits a free alkali content of 0.01873%, a pH of 10, a foam height of 65 mm, and a foam stability value of 84.61%. The water content in the soap is measured at 40%. These results collectively position the soap within the criteria for high-quality soap. In the antibacterial effectiveness test against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, the addition of Aloe vera has markedly expanded the inhibitory zone, demonstrating a significant enhancement in antibacterial activity. In light of the above, this study aims to address environmental pollution and health risks associated with improper disposal of waste cooking oil. Moreover, the addition of antibacterial Aloe vera presents an economically valuable solution by repurposing waste cooking oil into a useful product.

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Spent bleaching earth; recycling and utilization techniques: A review

Cited by 8 publications

References 151 publications

Economic and environmental analysis of spent bleaching earth reactivation

Economic and environmental analysis of spent bleaching earth reactivation

Reactivation of used bentonite (Spent Bleaching Earth) and its reuse as adsorbent for CPO (Crude Palm Oil) bleaching process

Preparation of Liquid Soap Utilising Used Cooking Oil with Aloe Vera as an Antibacterial Agent

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