Spent catalyst waste management: A review

Marafi, Meena; Stanislaus, A.

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.02.004

Cited by 232 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…1,2 The goal is to meet the increasing demand for ultra-low sulfur fuels. 3 These feedstocks contain considerable amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and metals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of pre-treatment of spent hydrotreating catalysts on metals recovery

et al. 2011

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Recebido em 25/1/10; aceito em 2/6/10; publicado na web em 17/9/10 This work describes a three-step pre-treatment route for processing spent commercial NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. Extraction of soluble coke with n-hexane and/or leaching of foulant elements with oxalic acid were performed before burning insoluble coke under air. Oxidized catalysts were leached with 9 mol L -1 sulfuric acid. Iron was the only foulant element partially leached by oxalic acid. The amount of insoluble matter in sulfuric acid was drastically reduced when iron and/or soluble coke were previously removed. Losses of active phase metals (Ni, Mo) during leaching with oxalic acid were compensated by the increase of their recovery in the sulfuric acid leachate.

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“…1,2 The goal is to meet the increasing demand for ultra-low sulfur fuels. 3 These feedstocks contain considerable amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and metals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of pre-treatment of spent hydrotreating catalysts on metals recovery

et al. 2011

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“…Several industrial scale wet processes such as roasting with soda salts, acid leaching and ammonia neutralization have been developed for the recovery of these metals. 1,2) However, the roasting process for sulfur removal by oxidation from the catalysts and the leaching processes produce unattractive by-products such as toxic gases, waste water containing strong acids, bases and chlorine etc. which require a high level of environmental precautions and costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of Sulfur in Carbon Saturated Liquid Ferro-alloys Containing Ni, Mo and V at 1873 K

et al. 2018

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The spent catalysts discarded from the petroleum refinery operations contain a substantial amount of valued metals such as Ni, Mo and V together with high sulfur content. Recently, the smelting reduction process of this resource using the carbothermic reaction is being developed and commercialized to recover these metals in the form of carbon saturated ferro-alloys containing Ni, Mo and V. Sulfur can be picked up into alloy melts from the sulfur bearing spent catalysts during the smelting process. Therefore, thermodynamics of sulfur in these alloy melts is very important for producing low sulfur ferro-alloys. In the present study, thermodynamic interactions between those alloying elements and sulfur in liquid iron was studied using the slag/metal equilibration technique at 1 873 K. The equilibrium sulfur distribution was measured between a slag with a known sulfide capacity and carbon saturated liquid Fe-V-Ni-Mo alloys of various compositions. The carbon solubility in liquid alloy was significantly changed with alloy composition. The specific effects of V, Ni and Mo on sulfur was determined by considering the effect of carbon on sulfur using Wagner's formalism as the first-and second-order interaction parameters as well as the second-order cross-product terms.

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“…As a result of the stringent environmental criteria on spent catalyst handling and disposal, research on the process for recycling and reutilization of spent FCC catalysts has received considerable attention. Bioleaching of heavy metals [2][3][4][5] and chemical leaching methods with mineral acids (sulphuric and nitric acid) 6,7 and organic acids (citric, oxalic and gluconic acid) 2,3,[8][9][10] as well as mixture of organic acids were used to explore the route to reclaim the metals in the spent FCC catalyst. Utilization of spent catalyst as raw materials in the production of other valuable products is an attractive option, with taking the environmental regulations and economical profits into consideration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reuse of Spent FCC Catalyst for Removing Trace Olefins from Aromatics

Pu¹,

Luan²,

Shi³

2012

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Pretreatment of spent FCC catalyst and its application in remove trace olefins in aromatics were investigated in this research. The most effective pretreatment route of spent FCC catalyst was calcining at 700 o C for 1 h, washing with 5% oxalic acid solution in ultrasonic reactor and dried. Treated spent FCC catalyst was modified with metal halides, then to prepare catalyst to remove trace olefins in aromatics. X-ray diffraction, Pyridine-FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) were used to investigate the pretreatment process. The result showed that the performance of the treated spent FCC catalyst was much greater than that of the spent FCC catalyst, which indicted the possibility and improvement of this research.

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Spent catalyst waste management: A review

Cited by 232 publications

References 61 publications

The importance of pre-treatment of spent hydrotreating catalysts on metals recovery

The importance of pre-treatment of spent hydrotreating catalysts on metals recovery

Thermodynamics of Sulfur in Carbon Saturated Liquid Ferro-alloys Containing Ni, Mo and V at 1873 K

Reuse of Spent FCC Catalyst for Removing Trace Olefins from Aromatics

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