Spent refinery catalyst as a synergistic agent in intumescent formulations: influence of the catalyst's particle size and constituents

Effect of clays on the fire-retardant properties of a polyethylenic copolymer containing intumescent formulation

“…Furthermore, the low LOI value for the material with the intumescent formulation and the physical mixture of silica and alumina shows that the presence of both elements is not sufficient to achieve the synergistic effect desired. Estevão and coworkers [23,24] observed that silica-aluminates, such as kaolin and zeolites, are better flame retardancy enhancers than silica and alumina alone in mixtures containing an intumescent formulation. Thus, it is proposed that the elements Si and Al should be present in a specific structure, such as in the form of kaolin, zeolites or montmorillonites.…”

“…Several authors have suggested that nanoparticles alone will probably not be able to achieve flame retardancy but can be used as one of the components in conventional flame-retardant systems to achieve adequate performance [1,2]. Some other authors have attempted to obtain a synergy effect between flame-retardant intumescent systems and nanostructured particulate materials, such as zeolites and spent-oil-cracking catalyst from FCC process [3][4][5][6].…”

Synergistic effects of hydroxy silicone oil on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

“…2 shows the weight of the char residues. During combustion, SiO 2 may form on the surface of the burning composite creating a physical protective barrier on the surface of material [24,25]. Fig.…”

“…In order to enhance the more effective flame retardancy, new intumescent flame retardant systems have been found [18][19][20][21], and synergistic agents have been used in IFR systems, such as zeolites [22][23][24], montmorillonite [25,26], organoboron siloxane [27,28], and some transitional metal oxides and metal compounds [29,30]. Many researches have shown that synergistic agents can effectively increase the strength and stability of char layer by Si-O-P-C and Al-O-P-C bonds [22,31], and promote catalyzing the reactions among IFR components in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites (IFR-PP) systems.…”

Synergistic effects of iron powder on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

“…However, it has also some drawbacks compared with bromine-containing flame retardants [13], such as low thermal stability. In order to enhance the flame retardancy, new intumescent flame retardant systems have been found [14][15][16][17], which has high flame retardant efficiency and good water resistance ability; and synergistic agents have been used in IFR systems, such as zeolites [18,19], montmorillonite [20,21], organoboron siloxane [22,23], and some transitional metal oxides and metal compounds [24][25][26][27]. Many researches have shown that synergistic agents can effectively increase the strength and stability of char layer [18,28], and promote catalyzing the reactions among IFR components in IFR-PP systems.…”