‘Spice’ and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?

Auwärter, Volker; Dresen, Sebastian; Weinmann, Wolfgang; Müller, Michael; Pütz, Michael; Ferreiròs, Nerea

doi:10.1002/jms.1558

Cited by 606 publications

(578 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…These substances which are named differently as "spice", "K2", "aroma", "dream", "Mr. Smiley", and "blaze" in foreign countries, are generally named as "bonsai" and "jamaica" in Turkey (4)(5)(6). It was also reported that these substances, which are generally prepared in laboratories by spraying chemical liquids on herbal mixtures, and drying, could contain other substances which might cause accompanying psychoactive effects (1,5,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capgras syndrome after use of synthetic cannabinoids: an adolescent case

Özer¹,

Çeri²,

Evren³

2016

Dusunen Adam

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capgras syndrome after use of synthetic cannabinoids: an adolescent case

Özer¹,

Çeri²,

Evren³

2016

Dusunen Adam

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“…These substances include either THC or THC-like compounds, and were originally developed for potential medicinal purposes and to study cannabinoid receptor pharmacology. [16][17][18][19][20] SC products first emerged in Europe in 2004 as "Spice," and in the U.S. in 2008 as "K2." Today, SC products are distributed worldwide under countless trade names, such as "Aztec Gold," "Black Mamba," "Cloud 9," and "Mad Hatter" (Table 1).…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, SC products are distributed worldwide under countless trade names, such as "Aztec Gold," "Black Mamba," "Cloud 9," and "Mad Hatter" (Table 1). [16][17][18][19][20] These products are generally marked with disingenuous labels such as "not for human consumption" or "herbal incense" and often packaged in colorful wrappers designed to appeal to teens, young adults, and first-time drug users. 11 They are often inhaled via a pipe or rolled into a cigarette.…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[17][18][19][20][25][26][27] Studies in adults have linked SCs to other cardiovascular, psychiatric, and neurological signs and symptoms (Table 2). [17][18][19][20][21][26][27][28] There has also been a case report of severe rhabdomyolysis associated with SC use. 29 Recently, SCs have been associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) (acute tubular injury and acute interstitial nephritis) in young, previously healthy patients without preexisting renal disease.…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergence of New Classes of Recreational Drugs—Synthetic Cannabinoids and Cathinones

2014

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Designer drugs represent an increasingly popular form of recreational substance abuse, especially amongst young adults. The two classes of designer drugs that have recently risen to prominence are the synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. These substances are not detected by conventional drug screening methods and can often be associated with serious health consequences, including seizures, renal failure and death. Thus, clinicians should be familiar with the signs, symptoms, and toxicities associated with the use of these substances, and maintain a high level of suspicion for synthetic drugs as an alternative means of "getting high." We present a case of a 20-year-old college student who presented to the emergency department with altered mental status and severe agitation who later admitted to using bath salts. The goal of this article is to raise awareness about these new designer drugs, their clinical presentation, and management of their intoxication.

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“…18,72 Alguns derivados canabinoides foram analisados no sangue, utilizando CG/EM após extração em fase sólida e silanização. 74 Foi conduzido um estudo para a detecção de metabólitos de JWH-018 na urina, em que os metabólitos se conjugaram com ácido glicurônico e foram detectados por CG e CLAE/EM/EM.…”

Section: Derivados Canabinoidesunclassified

Designer drugs: aspectos analíticos e biológicos

Bulcão¹,

Garcia²,

Limberger³

et al. 2012

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 17/12/10; aceito em 12/7/11; publicado na web em 2/9/11 DESIGNER DRUGS: ANALYTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS. In the recent years, analytical toxicologists have been facing difficulties in detecting designer drugs due to the chemical modifications on the existing structures and the speed in which they are released into the market, requiring the development and improvement of specific and appropriate analytical methods. This work is a review of the literature which summarizes the characteristics of the drugs and the analytical validated methods using conventional and unconventional matrices currently used for correct identification and quantification of the following classes of emerging drugs of abuse: derivatives of opiates, amphetamines, tryptamines, piperazines and cannabinoids.Keywords: biological matrices; drug abuse; toxicology. INTRODUÇÃOAs chamadas designer drugs (drogas planejadas, ou seja, aná-logos estruturais) estão entre as drogas de abuso mais utilizadas no Ocidente. Seus efeitos psicotrópicos específicos, que fundamentam sua utilização como drogas de abuso, são descritos como capacidade aumentada da comunicabilidade, empatia e autoconhecimento, o que distingue esta classe de compostos das substâncias estimulantes e alucinógenas propriamente ditas, que produzem estados de euforia e agitação e, alucinações visuais e auditivas, respectivamente. 1,2A utilização de substâncias psicoativas é antiga na história da civilização, as primeiras experiências humanas ocorreram por meio do consumo de plantas. A partir do século XIX, o homem isolou princípios ativos vegetais como morfina, cocaína e efedrina. Porém, foi no final do século passado, com o surgimento das anfetaminas, que uma substância psicoativa foi totalmente sintetizada em laboratório. Com o aparecimento das drogas sintéticas, nos anos 80, ocorreu a popularização das designer drugs. Essas drogas têm como característica essencial o fato de terem sido modificadas em laboratório, com o intuito de potencializar ou criar efeitos psicoativos ou evitar efeitos indesejáveis, além de burlar a legislação vigente. Além disto, a disponibilidade e a diminuição do custo tecnológico permitem que tais drogas sejam sintetizadas com facilidade em laboratórios clandestinos domésticos. [3][4][5] Nos anos 90, com a popularização da internet, houve uma enorme divulgação e distribuição das designer drugs. 5,6 Entretanto, foi na primeira década do século XXI que o número de novos usuários de substâncias ilícitas aumentou de forma significativa, com relatos da apreensão de diversas designer drugs em todo o mundo. 7,8As designer drugs mais utilizadas são os compostos anfetamíni-cos, tais como 3,4-metileno-dioxi-anfetamina (MDA), 3,4-metilenodioxi-metanfetamina (MDMA, ecstasy), p-metoxi-anfetamina (PMA) e p-metoxi-metanfetamina (PMMA). No Brasil, o uso recreacional tem sido constatado em vários pacientes que buscam tratamento nas clínicas de reabilitação, além de apreensões destas drogas, sendo, portanto, de grande relevância sua correta identificação e/ou quantific...

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‘Spice’ and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?

Cited by 606 publications

References 7 publications

Capgras syndrome after use of synthetic cannabinoids: an adolescent case

Capgras syndrome after use of synthetic cannabinoids: an adolescent case

Emergence of New Classes of Recreational Drugs—Synthetic Cannabinoids and Cathinones

Designer drugs: aspectos analíticos e biológicos

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