Spiking hydrophobic organic compounds into soil and sediment: A review and critique of adopted procedures

Northcott, Grant L.; Jones, Kevin C.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620191005

Cited by 85 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 141 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Water-immiscible solvents have been used as carriers to spike organic chemicals into wet soil and sediment. However, because they do not dissipate as effectively in the presence of water, the homogeneity of spike distribution may be poor [18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have identified soil and sediment drying and rewetting, carrier solvent persistence, and spike homogeneity as three key factors that can significantly influence experiments and that should be considered when developing or using a spiking procedure. These three factors and others we identified led us to make a number of recommendations to follow when spiking organic compounds into soil and sediment [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Developing a standard spiking procedure for the introduction of hydrophobic organic compounds into field‐wet soil

Northcott¹,

Jones²

2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-The purpose of this study was to reevaluate a number of spiking procedures we had previously investigated for spiking dry soil, determine their suitability for spiking radiolabeled hydrophobic organic compounds in field-wet soil, and identify the optimal spiking procedure. In the first part of this study, two radiolabeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenanthrene (Phe) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were introduced into field-wet soil by four different spiking procedures and the recovery and homogeneity of compound distribution assessed by analysis of replicate subsamples. The identified optimal spiking procedure involved adding an acetone spike solution to 10 ml acetone in a blender base, adding 250 g field-wet soil, and mixing with a highspeed blender. The relative standard deviations obtained by this procedure were 2.7 and 5.3% for 14 C-Phe and 14 C-7-BaP, respectively, and were comparable to those we obtained in a previous study for spiking dry soil. The persistence of acetone used as a carrier solvent in the optimal spiking procedure was assessed at various times after spiking to identify a suitable equilibration time to allow for solvent volatilization. The equilibration time, together with the identified optimal spiking procedure, were combined to develop a standard spiking procedure. The standard spiking procedure was used to prepare multiple soil microcosms individually spiked with radiolabeled Phe, pyrene, and BaP for a long-term aging study on the formation of PAH-bound residues in arable soil. The mean spike activity and homogeneity of spike distribution in 54 sterilized microcosms (3 ϫ 18) stored over 525 d was determined. Mean spike recovery and relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the three radiolabeled PAHs in the individually spiked and prepared microcosms were very good. However, this data illustrates the importance of determining the concentration and homogeneity of spikes within all individual test portions in experiments where organic compounds are spiked into soil or sediment.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a standard spiking procedure for the introduction of hydrophobic organic compounds into field‐wet soil

Northcott¹,

Jones²

2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sediments were spiked following the procedure outlined by Northcott and Jones [22]. Namely, a 250 g sediments sample was spiked with a fixed volume of a PAH stock mixture and 10 mL acetone, in order to obtain a given contamination.…”

Section: Spiking Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological treatment of PAH-contaminated sediments in a Sequencing Batch Reactor

Chiavola

Baciocchi

Gavasci

2010

Journal of Hazardous Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tThe technical feasibility of a sequential batch process for the biological treatment of sediments contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated through an experimental study. A bench-scale Sediment Slurry Sequencing Batch Reactor (SS-SBR) was fed with river sediments contaminated by a PAH mixture made by fluorene, anthracene, pyrene and crysene. The process performance was evaluated under different operating conditions, obtained by modifying the influent organic load, the feed composition and the hydraulic residence time. Measurements of the Oxygen Uptake Rates (OURs) provided useful insights on the biological kinetics occurring in the SS-SBR, suggesting the minimum applied cycle time-length of 7 days could be eventually halved, as also confirmed by the trend observed in the volatile solid and total organic carbon data. The removal efficiencies gradually improved during the SS-SBR operation, achieving at the end of the study rather constant removal rates above 80% for both 3-rings PAHs (fluorene and anthracene) and 4-ring PAHs (pyrene and crysene) for an inlet total PAH concentration of 70 mg/kg as dry weight (dw).

show abstract

“…For example, over 50% losses in total PHE and PYR were observed by (Šmídová et al, 2012;Obuekwe and Semple, 2013) in 56 or 63 days whilst less than 13% dissipation was reported by Hwang and Cutright (2002) C-analysis not only measures parent compounds but also degraded products whilst the GC/MS instrumental analysis only calculates parental compounds (Šmídová et al, 2012); (2) sterilisation: Contreras-Ramos et al (2006) reported that the reduction in PHE in natural soils aged for 11 weeks was as high as 88% but only 8-20% in sterile soils; (3) spiked concentrations: catabolic activities might be triggered when PAH concentrations were above threshold values (Macleod and Semple, 2000); and (4) spiking procedures including spiking method, carrier solvent, mixing, homogeneity and equilibrium: e.g. carrier solvent has the potential to affect organic matter in soils where the sorption of PAHs mainly takes place (Northcott and Jones, 2000). Based on the stability of concentrations in soils, PYR and B[a]P were chosen for interaction study with As, Cd and Pb.…”

Section: Temporal Change In Soil Pah Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure risk of arsenic, cadmium and lead (or mixed with PAHs) in soils using in-vitro methods

Xia¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There are over 150,000 contaminated sites in Australia. In most cases, soils are polluted with mixtures of contaminants, including metal/metalloids. However, current human health assessment, particularly in relation to health investigation level guidelines is based on single contaminant. If no site-specific data are available, additive effect is assumed which may overestimate or underestimate the risk. Therefore, a more detailed study on the mixture of metal/metalloids is needed. The emphasis of this study is laid on the exposure risk of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) when they are ingested as mixtures. Two in-vitro models are adopted in this study. Model 1 is the Unified BARGE (Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe) method (which is known as UBM) with the aim to measure the soluble fraction of soil contaminants in the human gastrointestinal tract (bioaccessibility) as well as the interaction effects of As, Cd and Pb on respective bioaccessibility. Model 2 is using human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) to study the subsequent uptake of contaminants into cells in target organ and possible interaction of As, Cd and Pb on their respective uptake after they are solubilised in the human digestive system. Considering at some contaminated sites polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may co-exist with As, Cd and Pb, effects of four selected PAHs (NAP for naphthalene, PHE for phenanthrene, PYR for pyrene, and B[a]P for benzo[a]pyrene) on the bioaccessibility and subsequent uptake of As, Cd and Pb into HepG2 cells are also preliminarily investigated. The focus of this PhD study is on mixtures of As, Cd and Pb.Seven chemically-variant top soils (0-20 cm) were collected in Australia. Soils were characterised for pH, total carbon, total nitrogen, total sulphur, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, cation exchange capacity, oxalate-extractable iron, aluminium and manganese, particle size distribution, electrical conductivity etc. A range of concentrations of As, Cd and Pb was spiked into these seven types of soils and aged for up to 12 months. UBM results show the bioaccessibility of As in the gastric phase was not significantly different from those in the intestinal phase whilst a pronounced difference was observed between Cd gastric bioaccessibility and intestinal bioaccessibility as well as between Pb gastric bioaccessibility and intestinal bioaccessibility. Organic carbon, iron oxide and aluminium oxide were key parameters influencing the bioaccessibility of As (gastric and intestinal phases), Cd (intestinal phase) and Pb (intestinal phase).For mixture studies, two exposure scenarios were investigated. Under the first scenario, As, Cd and Pb were spiked to individual soils to mimic independent ageing of mixed 3 contaminants, such as contaminants age at different spots or there has been a long time gap between different contaminants entering the same spot. The interaction between binary mixtures of As, Cd and Pb in simulated human digestive system was studied by mixing soils spiked with A...

show abstract

Spiking hydrophobic organic compounds into soil and sediment: A review and critique of adopted procedures

Cited by 85 publications

References 141 publications

Developing a standard spiking procedure for the introduction of hydrophobic organic compounds into field‐wet soil

Developing a standard spiking procedure for the introduction of hydrophobic organic compounds into field‐wet soil

Biological treatment of PAH-contaminated sediments in a Sequencing Batch Reactor

Assessing exposure risk of arsenic, cadmium and lead (or mixed with PAHs) in soils using in-vitro methods

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About