Spina bifida: A diagnostic dilemma in paleopathology

Kumar, Ankita; Tubbs, R. Shane

doi:10.1002/ca.21058

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 126 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The most conspicuous type of spina bifida is undoubtedly myelomeningocele with the unfused neural processes of the lumbosacral spine. As a result, the spinal cord freely protrudes through an existing opening [7, 11, 15]. In fact, an understanding of the timing of spinal ossification centers is extremely useful in the prenatal detection of skeletal dysplasias (osteochondrodysplasias) resulting in both a delayed appearance of ossification centers and poor mineralization because of osteogenesis imperfecta type II [28], achondrogenesis [26], tanatophoric dysplasia type I [11], and hypophosphatasia [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The topographical sequence of neural ossification centers is somewhat ambiguous with the three possible spinal origins: at the same time in the thoracolumbar, cervico-thoracic and proximal cervical segments [5], or in the mid-thoracic segment [19], or in the proximal cervical segment [3]. The detailed knowledge on neural ossification centers appears to be an immense prerequisite for both the prenatal detection and exclusion of achondrogenesis, caudal regression syndrome, diastematomyelia [17, 26, 28], and spina bifida [11, 15]. Besides, delayed ossification centers are typical of osteochondrodysplasias [9, 28] and hypophosphatasia [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cross-sectional study of the neural ossification centers of vertebrae C1–S5 in the human fetus

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PurposeAn understanding of the normal evolution of the spine is of great relevance in the prenatal detection of spinal abnormalities. This study was carried out to estimate the length, width, cross-sectional area and volume of the neural ossification centers of vertebrae C1–S5 in the human fetus.Materials and methodsUsing the methods of CT (Biograph mCT), digital-image analysis (Osirix 3.9) and statistics (the one-way ANOVA test for paired data, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene’s test, Student’s t test, the one-way ANOVA test for unpaired data with post hoc RIR Tukey comparisons) the size for the neural ossification centers throughout the spine in 55 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (27 males, 28 females) at ages of 17–30 weeks was studied.ResultsThe neural ossification centers were visualized in the whole pre-sacral spine, in 74.5 % for S1, in 61.8 % for S2, in 52.7 % for S3, and in 12.7 % for S4. Neither male–female nor right–left significant differences in the size of neural ossification centers were found. The neural ossification centers were the longest within the cervical spine. The maximum values referred to the axis on the right, and to C5 vertebra on the left. There was a gradual decrease in length for the neural ossification centers of T1–S4 vertebrae. The neural ossification centers were the widest within the proximal thoracic spine and narrowed bi-directionally. The growth dynamics for CSA of neural ossification centers were found to parallel that of volume. The largest CSAs and volumes of neural ossification centers were found in the C3 vertebra, and decreased in the distal direction.ConclusionsThe neural ossification centers show neither male–female nor right–left differences. The neural ossification centers are characterized by the maximum length for C2–C6 vertebrae, the maximum width for the proximal thoracic spine, and both the maximum cross-sectional area and volume for C3 vertebra. There is a sharp decrease in size of the neural ossification centers along the sacral spine. A decreasing sequence of values for neural ossification centers along the spine from cervical to sacral appears to parallel the same direction of the timing of ossification. The quantitative growth of the neural ossification centers is of potential relevance in the prenatal diagnosis and monitoring of achondrogenesis, caudal regression syndrome, diastematomyelia and spina bifida.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional study of the neural ossification centers of vertebrae C1–S5 in the human fetus

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Such morphometric data have not been previously reported, thereby limiting discussion on quantitative anatomy of ossification centers. Ossification progression within the neural processes is of relevance in the diagnosis of neural tube defects [4, 11, 17, 18]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Block vertebrae are the consequence of their mal-segmentation and fusion through neighboring intervertebral discs. Spina bifida is characterized by a midline cleft between the two neural processes [5, 13, 18, 27]. Furthermore, detailed knowledge on the normal growth of spinal ossification centers in fetuses may be helpful in the prenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias (osteochondrodysplasias).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New anatomical data on the growing C4 vertebra and its three ossification centers in human fetuses

Baumgart

Szpinda

2012

Surg Radiol Anat

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PurposeDetailed knowledge on the normative growth of the spine is of great relevance in the prenatal diagnosis of its abnormalities. The present study was conducted to compile age-specific reference data for vertebra C4 and its three ossification centers in human fetuses.Materials and methodsWith the use of CT (Biograph mCT), digital image analysis (Osirix 3.9) and statistical analysis (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene’s test, Student’s t test, one-way ANOVA, post hoc RIR Tukey test, linear and nonlinear regression analysis), the normative growth of vertebra C4 and its three ossification centers in 55 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (27 males, 28 females) aged 17–30 weeks was examined.ResultsSignificant differences in neither sex nor laterality were found. The height and transverse and sagittal diameters of the C4 vertebral body increased logarithmically as: y = −3.866 + 2.225 × ln(Age) ± 0.238 (R2 = 0.69), y = −7.077 + 3.547 × ln(Age) ± 0.356 (R2 = 0.72) and y = −3.886 + 2.272 × ln(Age) ± 0.222 (R2 = 0.73), respectively. The C4 vertebral body grew linearly in cross-sectional area as y = −7.205 + 0.812 × Age ± 1.668 (R2 = 0.76) and four-degree polynomially in volume as y = 14.108 + 0.00007 × Age4 ± 6.289 (R2 = 0.83). The transverse and sagittal diameters, cross-sectional area and volume of the ossification center of the C4 vertebral body generated the following functions: y = −8.836 + 3.708 × ln(Age) ± 0.334 (R2 = 0.76), y = −7.748 + 3.240 × ln(Age) ± 0.237 (R2 = 0.83), y = −4.690 + 0.437 × Age ± 1.172 (R2 = 0.63) and y = −5.917 + 0.582 × Age ± 1.157 (R2 = 0.77), respectively. The ossification center-to-vertebral body volume ratio gradually declined with age. On the right and left, the neural ossification centers showed the following growth: y = −19.601 + 8.018 × ln(Age) ± 0.369 (R2 = 0.92) and y = −15.804 + 6.912 × ln(Age) ± 0.471 (R2 = 0.85) for length, y = −5.806 + 2.587 × ln(Age) ± 0.146 (R2 = 0.88) and y = −5.621 + 2.519 × ln(Age) ± 0.146 (R2 = 0.88) for width, y = −9.188 + 0.856 × Age ± 2.174 (R2 = 0.67) and y = −7.570 + 0.768 × Age ± 2.200 (R2 = 0.60) for cross-sectional area, and y = −13.802 + 1.222 × Age ± 1.872 (R2 = 0.84) and y = −11.038 + 1.061 × Age ± 1.964 (R2 = 0.80) for volume, respectively.ConclusionsThe morphometric parameters of vertebra C4 and its three ossification centers show no sex differences. The C4 vertebral body increases logarithmically in height and both sagittal and transverse diameters, linearly in cross-sectional area, and four-degree polynomially in volume. The three ossification centers of vertebra C4 grow logarithmically in both transverse and sagittal diameters, and linearly in both cross-sectional area and volume. The age-specific reference intervals for evolving vertebra C4 may be useful in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital spinal defects.

show abstract

“…Vertebral cleft of thoracic or lumbar vertebra noticed randomly in imaging (Figure 4b) Cleft in thoracic vertebras can be concomitant part of multiple anomalies [34,35]. Totally of lumbar vertebral arch may absent and may be part of lumbosacral spina bifida [36]. Complete dorsal wall defect of sacrum has been reported many times (Figure 4c) [37].…”

Section: Developmental Embryology and Molecular Regulations Of Spina mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spina Bifida: Morphological Features, Molecular Regulations and Signal Pathways

Başaloğlu¹,

Çelik²,

Kılıç³

et al. 2017

J Spine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The main aim of this article is to review the knowledge about the closure defect of the vertebral column calls spina bifida. The anatomic, embryologic and molecular biologic knowledge about this condition is reevaluated with checking the contentful dry bone collection. Determined spina bifida samples, types in any part of vertebral column reviewed under the light of increasing recent literature. The review also gives attention to the cervical, thoracic regional, anterior and partial closure defect possibilities and clinical conditions, which are not emphasized adequately and are thought as a separate case status but are severe or mild types of spina bifida. Most common sites, especially sacral region of spina bifida and present incidence in different nations assessed and compared with our dry bone series. Regional incidence, types and clinical conditions of spina bifida reviewed under the light of the recent embryologic and molecular biologic studies. This review will give tidy think and aspect of morphology and clinics of spina bifida throughout of the vertebral column. Definition and Background of Spina BifidaSpina bifida means split spine [1]. It occurs when the spinal column does not close all of the ways or spinal column has closing alterations during gestation [2]. In the USA, about 1500 babies are born with spina bifida or brain and spine defects every year. It makes this the most common permanently disabling birth defect [3]. Because of a developmental abnormality of the spinal cord in the first trimester of pregnancy, spina bifida happens [4]. Anatomy of the vertebra, vertebral canal, contents and surrounding tissue is important for understand of embryologic development of spina bifida. Spina bifida emerges as a result of the non-closure of the upper part of the neural tube during embryonal development. It is classified into two main groups: open and closed spina bifida. The reason underlying it is not clearly understood. It is thought to arise as a result of genetic and environmental factors. Various other reasons which are unknown today are also thought to be effective.We checked literature of vertebral anomalies, malformations and clinical conditions including spina bifida. A number of clinical studies have been published in the literature on the closure defect in one part of the vertebral canal and many gross clinical cases of neonate have been reported. Life-incompatible types of spina bifida are frequently mentioned by many authors. In addition, many anatomical studies have been done on dry bone of the sacral canal closure defects. The review gives attention to the cervical, thoracic regional, anterior and partial closure defect possibilities and clinical conditions which are not much emphasized and are thought as a separate case status but are severe or mild types of spina bifida. Regional incidence, types and clinical conditions of spina bifida reviewed under the light of the recent embryologic and molecular biologic studies. This review will give ordinate think and aspect of morphology...

show abstract

Spina bifida: A diagnostic dilemma in paleopathology

Cited by 30 publications

References 126 publications

Cross-sectional study of the neural ossification centers of vertebrae C1–S5 in the human fetus

Cross-sectional study of the neural ossification centers of vertebrae C1–S5 in the human fetus

New anatomical data on the growing C4 vertebra and its three ossification centers in human fetuses

Spina Bifida: Morphological Features, Molecular Regulations and Signal Pathways

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About