Spinal abnormalities in young fast bowlers

Hardcastle, P.; Annear, Peter; Foster, Daven; Chakera, T.M.H.; McCormick, C. C.; Khangure, Mark; Burnett, AF

doi:10.1302/0301-620x.74b3.1587894

Cited by 78 publications

(95 citation statements)

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“…The large number of lumbar spine bone stress injuries is not surprising as the incidence of these injuries in cricket fast bowlers has been reported to be between 11-55% [7,8,18] and is considerably higher than the normal population. [19] What this study demonstrates is that those bone stress injuries are clearly related to age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different tissue type categories of overuse injuries to cricket fast bowlers have different severity and incidence which varies with age

Blanch¹

2016

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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Background. Cricket fast bowlers have a high incidence of injury and have been the subject of previous research investigating the effects of previous injury, workload and technique. Bone stress injuries are of particular concern as they lead to prolonged absences from the game, with younger bowlers appearing to be at particular risk. Objectives. To investigate the variation in severity and incidence of injury to different tissue types in fast bowlers and ascertain whether age is a significant risk factor for these injuries. Methods. A retrospective analysis of match bowling exposure in 215 separate fast bowlers over a 14-year period was undertaken. This information was amalgamated with injury surveillance data providing information on the incidence, location, tissue type and severity of injury. Age of the bowler was determined and the bowlers were stratified into five age groups to determine the influence of age on the injury variables. Results. Younger bowlers (less than 22 years old) were 3.7-6.7 times more likely to suffer a bony injury than all the other age groups. Older bowlers (greater than 31 years old) were 2.2-2.7 times more likely to suffer a tendon injury than the 3 youngest groups.Conclusion. This study has demonstrated that younger age is a considerable risk factor in the development of bone stress injuries in cricket fast bowlers. In addition there appears to be a higher incidence of tendon injuries in older fast bowlers although this may be explained by the current classification system of joint impingement as a tendon injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different tissue type categories of overuse injuries to cricket fast bowlers have different severity and incidence which varies with age

Blanch¹

2016

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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“…These findings support other international and local studies on cricket-related musculoskeletal pain/injury. 1,[5][6][7][8]11,12 The anatomical sites of the pain were knee (30%), lower back (29%), shoulder (17%), ankle (13%) and thigh (11%) (p<0.0001). The most common anatomical sites were lower extremities (39%), followed by upper extremities (36%) and lower back (18%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 International cricket studies mostly concentrate on young fastbowlers and their injuries. 11,12 Dennis et al focused on bowling workloads regarding injury rates in young fast-bowlers. 11 Hardcastle et al focused on spinal abnormalities in young fast-bowlers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 Hardcastle et al focused on spinal abnormalities in young fast-bowlers. 12 A number of studies conducted in South Africa identified a prevalence of cricket-related musculoskeletal injuries among elite cricketers. 1,6,8 These studies found that the most common anatomical sites of injury were lower limb, followed by upper limb and lower back.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of cricket-related musculoskeletal pain among adolescent cricketers in KwaZulu-Natal

Noorbhai¹,

Essack²,

Thwala³

et al. 2012

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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Objectives. This study investigated the prevalence and nature of cricket-related musculoskeletal pain among male adolescent cricket players (n=234) residing in the Highway area of Durban over a 12-month period during all the seasons of the year. Methods. Data were collected from five secondary schools. Subjects' participation was dependent on voluntary and parental informed consent. Child assent forms were also provided for the schoolboy cricket players to complete. Participants were required to complete a self-reported questionnaire probing the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain within the last 12 months. The probability was set at p≤0.05. Results. A total of 188 subjects (80%) experienced cricket-related musculoskeletal pain (p<0.0001). The most common sites were the lower extremities (39%), followed by upper extremities (36%) and lower back (18%). The prevalence of cricket-related musculoskeletal pain specific to the various anatomical sites were mostly knee (30%) and lower back (29%), followed by shoulder (17%), ankle (13%) and thigh (11%). The predisposing mechanisms producing cricket-related musculoskeletal pain reported by the cricketers were direct physical trauma (83%) and over-use (17%) (p<0.0001). Conclusion. Male adolescent recreational cricket players reported a high prevalence of cricket-related musculoskeletal pain. The knee was the most common anatomical site. Parents, guardians and coaches should pay specific caution to preliminary and extrinsic factors causing musculoskeletal pain in adolescent cricketers. 4SAJSM vol 24 No. 1 2012 the unreliability of the findings due to physiological and hormonal differences. Data were collected through a self-reported musculoskeletal questionnaire (adapted from Ellapen et al. 13 ) to determine the prevalence of pain at various anatomical sites. The questionnaire (see appendix) and the relevant documentation were explained thoroughly to all subjects, to reduce recall bias. This study employed the following definition of musculoskeletal pain: ' A sensation of agony that inhibits the individual from participating in cricket or practice for a minimum of twentyfour hours' .14 Attempts to document the prevalence of musculoskeletal injury would be unreliable in the absence of medical certification. The researchers doubted that all the subjects would have kept medical records of their injuries within the previous 12 months and so, in the absence of medical records, identification of musculoskeletal pain via subject recall was deemed to be more reliable. Subjects' identification of musculoskeletal pain, types of pain, intensity of pain (according to the Borg CR10 scale) and anatomical location of pain were recorded to infer musculoskeletal injury. 15,16 Injury rates were calculated according to a numerator variable (number of injuries sustained) linked to a denominator variable (number of hours played over the last 12 months), giving the number of injuries sustained for every hour played over the last 12 months. Body mass and stature of all the subjects w...

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“…A repeated load on the lumbar spine may affect disc degeneration in rowers, because the peak compressive force at the lumbar spine during the drive phase is 4.6 times the body weight 13) . A previous study reported the relationship between disc degeneration in cricket players and counter-rotation 14) . Maximum exertion trunk rotation using a nonlinear thoracolumbar finite element model generated axial compression and shear force on the intervertebral disc 15) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in collegiate rowers

Sekine

Hirayama

Yanagisawa

et al. 2014

JPFSM

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The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence and distribution of disc degeneration in collegiate rowers and investigate the relationship between disc degeneration progression and low back pain (LBP). In this cross-sectional study, 68 collegiate rowers were evaluated for lumbar disc degeneration using the Pfirrmann classification based on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After 2 years, 20 participants underwent follow-up MRI. Injury surveillance to check LBP was conducted between the first examination and followup study. The relationship between symptoms and disc degeneration was investigated. Thirtyone (45.6%) rowers had disc degeneration: 48.8% of male rowers and 40.0% of female rowers. After 2 years, disc degeneration progression was observed in 5 (25%) rowers. During the 2 years, 6 rowers reported LBP. In the LBP group, disc degeneration progression was observed in 4 (66.7%) rowers. Significantly more participants in the LBP group than in the non-LBP group (7.1%) (p = 0.014) showed disc degeneration progression. The prevalence of disc degeneration among collegiate rowers was 45.6%, high at the level of the lower lumbar spine. Progression of lumbar disc degeneration was observed in significantly more LBP than non-LBP rowers during the longitudinal study.

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Spinal abnormalities in young fast bowlers

Cited by 78 publications

References 0 publications

Different tissue type categories of overuse injuries to cricket fast bowlers have different severity and incidence which varies with age

Different tissue type categories of overuse injuries to cricket fast bowlers have different severity and incidence which varies with age

Prevalence of cricket-related musculoskeletal pain among adolescent cricketers in KwaZulu-Natal

Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in collegiate rowers

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