Spinal Cord Edema, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Lipid Peroxidation, and Lysosomal Enzyme Release After Acute Contusion and Compression Injury in Primates

Abstract

Physical and biochemical changes in the spinal cord of monkeys at 1/2, 2, and 4 hours following 200 g cm contusion injury and 50 g of compression injury and 2 hours of decompression following 4 hours of compression were studied. The pathophysiologic changes were milder in compression compared to contusion injury. Following contusion injury, at 1/2 and 2 hours there was significant increase in % water content, lipid peroxidation, and alpha-L-fucosidase. alpha-D-Mannosidase was significantly increased at all time periods, and beta-D-hexosaminidase was increased at 1/2 and 4 hours. At 4 hours following injury, serotonin (5 HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) showed a significant increase. From 10 minutes to 2 hours there was increased platelet aggregation. In compression injury, a significant increase in water content and 5 HT was observed only at 1/2 hour. Lipid peroxidation had increased at all time periods, whereas B-D-hexosaminidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and 5-HIAA were increased at 2 hours. alpha-D-Mannosidase had increased at 1/2 and 2 hours, and alpha-L-fucosidase had increased at 4 hours. After 2 hours decompression following 4 hours compression, water content, beta-D-galactosidase, and alpha-D-Mannosidase were significantly increased. An attempt was made to correlate the findings and to understand the sequential pathophysiologic changes in the first 4 hours following spinal cord trauma, providing a baseline for evaluation of the efficacy of any therapeutic maneuvers.

Dual-Functioning Scaffolds for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: Alginate Nanofibers Loaded with the Sigma 1 Receptor (S1R) Agonist RC-33 in Chitosan Films

“…The autophagy-lysosome pathway may be a part of secondary injury processes of SCI [55]. Abraham et al observed in an animal model an increase in NAGase upon contusion injury of spinal cord [56]. In addition, the values of contact angle observed for the films based on CSL AA and CSL GA with and without 10% LOADED nanofibers have been measured (Figure 12).…”

“…The autophagy-lysosome pathway may be a part of secondary injury processes of SCI [55]. Abraham et al observed in an animal model an increase in NAGase upon contusion injury of spinal cord [56]. In order to investigate whether the different salification of CS could affect the biodegradation of the formulation, both scaffolds, consisting of CSL AA and CSL GA films loaded with 10% LOADED nanofibers, have been placed in contact for 7 and 14 days with (i) PBS, (ii) H 2 O 2 1.25 mM in PBS, and (iii) β-N acetylglusosaminidase (NAGase) 5 U/L in PBS.…”

“…The autophagy-lysosome pathway may be a part of secondary injury processes of SCI [55]. Abraham et al observed in an animal model an increase in NAGase upon contusion injury of spinal cord [56]. Figure 13 reports weight loss % values (a) and SEM images (b) of CSL AA and CSL GA based scaffolds after soaking in PBS, H 2 O 2 1.25 mM in PBS and in β-N acetylglusosaminidase (NAGase) 5 U/L in PBS for 7 and 14 days at 37 • C. After 7 days of contact, for both scaffolds, the presence of H 2 O 2 and NAGase produces a significant increase in film biodegradation.…”

Neural Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury

“…With respect to other subcortical substrates, there are few brainstem or spinal cord results on the acute effects of spinal cord injury in monkeys. Nonetheless, acute changes in neurochemistry and structure have been reported at the spinal and brainstem levels [21,54,55]. At the cellular level, acute SCI leads to immediate cell necrosis, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal enzyme release, and cell membrane damage [54].…”

Surgical Decompression of Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study Comparing Real-Time Intraoperative Ultrasound After Laminectomy With Postoperative MRI and CT Myelography

“…7 This is followed by a cascade of secondary mechanisms. 8-16 Persistent compression causes additional cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in a positive feedback loop. 17,18 Spinal cord swelling extends at rates of 918 μm/hour in motor complete injuries and 21 μm/hour in American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) grades C and D. 19 Preclinical studies have shown that surgical decompression can mitigate secondary injury through restoration of blood flow and evoked potentials.…”