Spine Injuries in Gymnasts

Makovitch, Steven; Eng, Christine M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26288-4_8

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Previous studies confirm that excessive physical exercise can have a negative effect on immature bone morphology and its mechanical integrity and may lead to the formation of postural disorders (Kruse & Lemmen, 2009;Grabara, 2010;Makovitch & Eng, 2020). Understanding the problem of how sport training affects the shape of the spine in young athletes is important because, over years of practicing sports, changes in their bodies become permanent and affect the next stages of ontogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some predominantly "feminine" sport such as gymnastics, are characterized by an extremely large range of motion (ROM), and due to the repetitive flexion, extension, and rotation, gymnasts are particularly at risk for spine overloads (Kums et al, 2007;Stošić et al, 2011). Gymnastics requires from athletes a high level of flexibility, conditioning and complete body recruitment that is matched infrequently by other sports (Makovitch & Eng, 2020). In addition, these are sports in which intensive training begins in early childhood, with specialization soon afterward.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The shape of the sagittal curvatures of the spine in a high-level acrobatic gymnasts – comparison by sex

Polak,

Gardzińska,

Walicka-Cupryś

2023

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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Specific loads on the spine and the very young age at which acrobatic gymnastics training is undertaken require monitoring the shape of the spine curvatures in gymnasts to detect possible postural abnormalities. The aim of this descriptive study was to assess and compare the shape of the spine in the sagittal plane in acrobatic gymnasts of both sexes and their associations with demographic and somatic variables. The study group included 159 acrobatic gymnasts aged 12-19 (106 females and 53 males) from 16 European countries. The study was designed as a survey and measurements of somatic variables and the angles of inclination (using the Baseline Bubble inclinometer) at four topographic points of the spine: S1, L5/S1, Th12/L1, C7/Th1. Based on the angles of spinal inclination, the sizes of the sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis (LL), and thoracic kyphosis (TK) were calculated. Body posture was assessed based on Wolański’s modified typology. The angles of SS and LL were significantly higher in females, and TK did not differ between sexes. Training experience positively correlated only with the size of the SS in both sexes. Age and somatic variables were significantly correlated with the size of the sagittal curvatures, mainly in females. The majority of gymnasts had a normal angle of SS and TK and a flattened LL. The equivalent and lordotic types of body posture were more frequent in females, and the kyphotic type in males. The incorrect body posture was noted in 19.8% of females and 43.4% of males. We concluded that acrobatic gymnasts are not at risk of increasing the size of spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane, but males show a tendency toward flattened LL and kyphotic type of body posture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The shape of the sagittal curvatures of the spine in a high-level acrobatic gymnasts – comparison by sex

Polak,

Gardzińska,

Walicka-Cupryś

2023

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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“…Patients typically present between youth and adolescence, with males being predominantly affected [5]. There is frequently a history of participation in competitive sports such as football, gymnastics, diving, or track and field [7,8,25]. To reduce the differential diagnosis, young athletes experiencing symptoms of spondylolysis should be asked about hyperextensive movements involving the lumbar spine [5,8,18].…”

Section: Clinical Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fracture is especially prevalent in athletics, with 7-8% of those affected being young athletes [7]. Athletes such as soccer players, weight-lifters, divers, and gymnasts commonly hyperextend upon rotation which precipitates the injury [8]. Symptomatic patients can experience mechanical lower back pain that worsens with activity and with extension of the spine, as well as tightness of the hamstrings [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pars Interarticularis Fractures Treated with Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Literature Review

Minor,

Klein,

Sowah

et al. 2024

JCM

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Recurrent stress on the isthmic pars interarticularis often leads to profound injury and symptom burden. When conservative and medical management fail, there are various operative interventions that can be used. The current review details the common clinical presentation and treatment of pars injury, with a special focus on the emerging minimally invasive procedures used in isthmic pars interarticularis repair. PubMed and Google Scholar database literature reviews were conducted. The keywords and phrases that were searched include but were not limited to; “history of spondylolysis”, “pars interarticularis”, “pars defect”, “conventional surgical repair of pars”, and “minimally invasive repair of pars”. The natural history, conventional presentation, etiology, risk factors, and management of pars interarticularis injury are discussed by the authors. The surgical interventions described include the Buck’s repair, Morscher Screw-Hook repair, Scott’s Wiring technique, and additional pedicle screw-based repairs. Minimally invasive techniques are also reviewed, including the Levi technique. Surgical intervention has been proven to be safe and effective in managing pars interarticularis fractures. However, minimally invasive techniques often provide additional benefit to patients such as reducing damage of surrounding structures, decreasing postoperative pain, and limiting the time away from sports and other activities.

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“…[ 7 ] Symptomatic spondylolysis patients mostly complain of mechanical low back pain, which often worsen during activity. [ 8 ] Lumbar hyperextension with rotation is the common mechanism of spondylolysis which is commonly seen [ 9 ] in footballers, weight lifters, and gymnasts. [ 6 ] It is the precipitating factor for spondylolisthesis [ 10 ] and based on the plain radiography it can be classified as early, progressive and terminal stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevailing treatment methods for lumbar spondylolysis

et al. 2021

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Background: Aim of this study was to systematically review the prevailing treatment methods for lumbar spondylolysis. Methods: Manuscripts published between 1951 and 2020 were searched by using PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Springer, Web of Science databases. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020218651). The inclusion criteria for all articles of prevailing treatment methods for spondylolysis were: English language; at least 1 relevant treatment method for spondylolysis; Randomized controlled trial (RCT), systematic review, comparative study, cross-sectional, cohort, and/or case control study pre-diagnosed cases of spondylolysis whereas article was excluded if any spinal deformity any neurological condition. Standards have been independently applied by using 2 reviewers and another author resolved disagreements. Results: Data extraction screened 12 full-length articles. Description, treatment, outcome, and findings were individually extracted and cross-referenced. Discussion: Current review has suggested that the noninvasive treatment method specifically low intensity pulsed ultrasound, electro acupuncture and pulsed electromagnetic filed is effective for bone union while operative treatment specifically pedicle screw fixation +/- interbody fusion depending the extent of disk degeneration and craniocaudal foraminal stenosis is effective for minimizing pain and functional disability in patients with spondylolysis. This review concluded that the noninvasive treatment method specifically low intensity pulsed ultrasound is effective for bone union. Review Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020218651).

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Spine Injuries in Gymnasts

Cited by 4 publications

References 148 publications

The shape of the sagittal curvatures of the spine in a high-level acrobatic gymnasts – comparison by sex

The shape of the sagittal curvatures of the spine in a high-level acrobatic gymnasts – comparison by sex

Pars Interarticularis Fractures Treated with Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Literature Review

Prevailing treatment methods for lumbar spondylolysis

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