Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and its derivatives as cathodes for high-voltage Li-ion batteries

Liu, G. Q.; Wen, Liping; Liu, Y. M.

doi:10.1007/s10008-010-1061-5

Cited by 169 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…Experimental studies have shown increased side reactions at the SEI layer for high potentials. 61 Although operating the battery at lower SOC will reduce the SEI growth, it has several other undesirable affects. Along with increases in the current needed to meet power requirements, low SOC operation does not utilize the full capacity of the battery.…”

Section: 60mentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-Based SEI Layer Growth and Capacity Fade Analysis for EV and PHEV Batteries and Drive Cycles

Lawder

Northrop

Subramanian

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Capacity fade experienced by electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) batteries will affect the economic and technological value of the battery pack during EV life as well as the value of the battery at the end of life. The growth of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer is a major cause of capacity fade. We studied the fade caused by SEI layer growth for eight different driving cycles (which include regenerative braking), and six charging protocols. In addition, we looked at the growth caused by varying the depth of discharge during cycling. Constant current and constant current-constant voltage charging patterns at differing rates were studied. Results showed that for half of the driving cycles regenerative braking increased the life-time energy utilization of the battery in addition to increasing the capacity during a single cycle. For the other half of the driving cycles it is shown that while regenerative braking may be beneficial during a single cycle, over the life of the battery it can decrease the total usable energy. These cases were studied using a reformulated porous electrode pseudo two dimensional model that included SEI layer growth as a side reaction. While working electric vehicles (EV) have been in existence for over a century (a lead-acid battery powered car achieved speeds of 30m/s in 1899), the price of EVs has not become competitive with their internal combustion engine (ICE) counterparts.1 EV sales are currently aided by subsidies ranging from $3,000 in China to $7,500 in the US and Western Europe to $10,000 in Japan.2 One of the causes of the high prices of EVs is the expensive nature of the vehicle's battery pack, which is not required by ICE vehicles running entirely on gas (hybrids operate on a combination of both systems with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) being able to operate in an all-electric mode). Most currently available and planned EVs (and PHEVs) use a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery chemistry. Li-ion EV battery pack costs are estimated at between $600-$1,200 per kWh of energy capacity. 2,3 This price can cause battery packs to cost in excess of $10,000 per vehicle and account for 30-50% of total vehicle cost. 4 Decreasing the price of the battery pack will be extremely important in making EVs price competitive in the automobile market.As EV and PHEVs age, their battery packs will have to be replaced due to capacity and power fade. Power fade is defined as the loss of cell power caused by increased cell impedance from aging. Capacity fade is defined as the loss of energy storage capacity due to degradation caused by cycling.5 Based on present requirements, EV batteries that have lost 20% of their initial factory capacity are no longer useful for automotive use and should be replaced. 6 Typically, an EV battery will last between 5 to 10 years within its automotive application depending on driving and charging patterns. Nissan estimates that the battery installed in the 2011 Nissan Leaf will contain approximately 80% of its original capacity ...

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Section: 60mentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-Based SEI Layer Growth and Capacity Fade Analysis for EV and PHEV Batteries and Drive Cycles

Lawder

Northrop

Subramanian

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…137 It also uses Ni and Mn, which are both less expensive than Co. These promising features have previously been noted, and LMNO has been demonstrated in a type II design flow cell.…”

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confidence: 77%

“…Moving to solid active materials overcomes the solubility limitation on capacity per volume of conventional RFBs, and the use of Li-ion materials and organic electrolytes expands the possible voltage range to that of Li-ion batteries, which reaches >4 V for existing commercial systems and is even higher for next-generation materials. [135][136][137] For the system reported by Duduta et al, an optimized system with Li intercalation active materials is expected to achieve a theoretical energy density of 300-500 W h L…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 Research effort has improved the electrochemical performance of LMNO in conventional Li-ion batteries using metrics such as rate capability, stability, and cycle life. 137,[264][265][266][267][268] Although the high energy density of LMNO is appealing, there are still challenges, in particular, long-term cycle life due to the high potential of LMNO which is outside of the stability window of many Li-ion battery electrolytes. 137,269 More detailed discussion about LMNO materials can be found in recent reviews.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Review Article: Flow battery systems with solid electroactive materials

Koenig

2017

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phen

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Energy storage is increasingly important for a diversity of applications. Batteries can be used to store solar or wind energy providing power when the Sun is not shining or wind speed is insufficient to meet power demands. For large scale energy storage, solutions that are both economically and environmentally friendly are limited. Flow batteries are a type of battery technology which is not as well-known as the types of batteries used for consumer electronics, but they provide potential opportunities for large scale energy storage. These batteries have electrochemical recharging capabilities without emissions as is the case for other rechargeable battery technologies; however, with flow batteries, the power and energy are decoupled which is more similar to the operation of fuel cells. This decoupling provides the flexibility of independently designing the power output unit and energy storage unit, which can provide cost and time advantages and simplify future upgrades to the battery systems. One major challenge of the existing commercial flow battery technologies is their limited energy density due to the solubility limits of the electroactive species. Improvements to the energy density of flow batteries would reduce their installed footprint, transportation costs, and installation costs and may open up new applications. This review will discuss the background, current progress, and future directions of one unique class of flow batteries that attempt to improve on the energy density of flow batteries by switching to solid electroactive materials, rather than dissolved redox compounds, to provide the electrochemical energy storage.

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“…During the last years, the number of such contributions tends to increase, reflecting a growing interest on the electrochemical methods and appliances. For example, during 2009-2010, a series of reviews were presented on the electrochemical techniques for the conservation and monitoring of archeological heritage [1][2][3], polarization resistance approach for the corrosion studies [4], selected conceptual aspects in the developments of electrochemical sensors [5][6][7][8][9], (photo)electrochemical preparation and characterization of nanostructures on silicon surfaces [10][11][12], methods for evaluation and improvement of metal hydride electrodes [13], key theoretical issues and modeling principles of the electron transfer reactions [14], and design of hybrid materials [15] and electrodes of lithium batteries and solid oxide fuel cells [16][17][18]. These and other emerging topics will also be addressed in numerous works planned for publication in 2011-2012.…”

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confidence: 99%

Methodological aspects of electrochemical science and technology: a selection of reviews

Хартон

Aurbach

2011

J Solid State Electrochem

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Solid-state electrochemistry is a rapidly developing scientific field that integrates many aspects of the classical electrochemical science and engineering, solid-state chemistry and physics, materials science, heterogeneous catalysis, and other areas of physical chemistry. This field comprises, but is not limited to, electrochemistry of solid materials, thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions involving at least one solid phase, transport of ions and electrons in solids and interactions between solid, liquid, and/or gaseous phases whenever these processes are essentially determined by properties of solids and are relevant to the electrochemical reactions, and a variety of practical applications using solid electrolytes, mixed ionicelectronic conductors, and solid-state electrochemical reactions. The range of these applications includes many types of batteries, fuel cells, capacitors and accumulators, numerous sensors and analytical appliances, electrochemical gas pumps and compressors, electrochromic and memory devices, ceramic membranes with ionic or mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, solid-state electrolyzers and electrocatalytic reactors, synthesis of new materials with improved properties, and corrosion protection. The first fundamental discoveries considered now as the foundation of solid-state electrochemistry were made in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries by M. Faraday, E. Warburg, W. Nernst, C. Tubandt, W. Schottky, C. Wagner, and other famous scientists. Their works provided background for the fast progress achieved both in the understanding of the solid-state electrochemical processes and in the applied developments during the second half of the twentieth century. Apart from the fundamental electrochemical phenomena, many experimental methods and theoretical approaches elaborated in the classical works are used in solid-state electrochemistry up to now, in combination with advanced technological and scientific facilities and, often, novel concepts and models.As for any other area, the progress in solid-state electrochemistry leads both to new horizons and to new challenges. In particular, the increasing demands for higher performance of the electrochemical devices lead to the necessity to develop novel approaches for the nanometerscale optimization of materials and interfaces, for analysis and modeling of highly non-ideal systems, and for overcoming numerous gaps in knowledge, which became only possible due to recent achievements in the related areas of science and technology. As for technological implementation of experimental and theoretical concepts extending from the nano to macro levels, continuous efforts are always necessary to introduce state-of-the-art electrochemical techniques to the closely related scientific areas and to adopt their advanced methods to study electrochemical systems. Moreover, the rising amount and diversity of available scientific information during the last decades increase the importance of systematization, verification, unificat...

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Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and its derivatives as cathodes for high-voltage Li-ion batteries

Cited by 169 publications

References 127 publications

Model-Based SEI Layer Growth and Capacity Fade Analysis for EV and PHEV Batteries and Drive Cycles

Model-Based SEI Layer Growth and Capacity Fade Analysis for EV and PHEV Batteries and Drive Cycles

Review Article: Flow battery systems with solid electroactive materials

Methodological aspects of electrochemical science and technology: a selection of reviews

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