“…Over the past decades, diverse methods for detecting organophosphate pesticides have been developed, such as traditional gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), , mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) . Although these approaches possess sufficient sensitivity and stability, their drawbacks include costly instruments, elaborate sample preparation, complicated procedures, high expense, and the need for highly skilled operators. , To overcome these issues, emerging techniques including fluorescence, − colorimetry, electrochemistry, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering , have been proposed to enhance the sensing performance. However, the reported methods primarily focus on detecting the total amount of organophosphate pesticides or a single organophosphate pesticide species to represent the family of organophosphate pesticides, which have insufficient selectivity and cannot be used to classify organophosphate pesticides.…”