Spionidae (Annelida) from shallow waters around the British Islands: an identification guide for the NMBAQC Scheme with an overview of spionid morphology and biology

Radashevsky, Vasily I.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3152.1.1

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Polydora websteri and related polydorins (sensu 18 ; a group of nine spionid genera with a modified fifth chaetiger) have compromised and collapsed oyster aquaculture industries around the world. In the late 1800s, the introduction of Polydora websteri with translocated oysters caused subtidal oyster beds in New South Wales, Australia to disappear 8,[19][20][21][22] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of the shell-boring oyster parasite Polydora websteri (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Washington State, USA

Martinelli

Lopes

Hauser

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Invasions by shell-boring polychaetes such as Polydora websteriHartman have resulted in the collapse of oyster aquaculture industries in Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii. These worms burrow into bivalve shells, creating unsightly mud blisters that are unappealing to consumers and, when nicked during shucking, release mud and detritus that can foul oyster meats. Recent findings of mud blisters on the shells of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) in Washington State suggest a new spionid polychaete outbreak. To determine the identity of the polychaete causing these blisters, we obtained Pacific oysters from two locations in Puget Sound and examined them for blisters and burrows caused by polychaete worms. Specimens were also obtained from eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) collected in New York for morphological and molecular comparison. We compared polychaete morphology to original descriptions, extracted DNA and sequenced mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase I [mtCOI]) and nuclear (small subunit 18S rRNA [18S rRNA]) genes to determine a species-level molecular identification for these worms. Our data show that Polydora websteri are present in the mud blisters from oysters grown in Puget Sound, constituting the first confirmed record of this species in Washington State. The presence of this notorious invader could threaten the sustainability of oyster aquaculture in Washington, which currently produces more farmed bivalves than any other US state. open Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:3961 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60805-w www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ a brittle layer of nacre that walls off the burrow 4,10,32-34 . The worm continues to expand this burrow beneath the thin, calcareous layer produced by its host; as this space fills with detritus, mud, and worm feces, a "mud blister" is formed 33,35 . Blisters can be irregular in shape and darkly colored, compromising the presentation of oysters served on the half-shell (only the cupped or left valve is used for serving the oyster) 36 . Moreover, if a blister is nicked during oyster shucking, the mud and feces will foul the oyster meat, rendering it inedible 3 . This is particularly problematic for oyster-growing areas where a large proportion of production goes to the half-shell market.In addition to their detrimental impact on aquaculture production, heavy mud worm infestations can also impact shell integrity, growth, and survivorship of mollusc hosts 37 . When infested with Polydora ciliata Johnston, the gastropod Littorina littorea (Linnaeus) has significantly reduced shell strength relative to uninfested individuals, making the infested gastropods more vulnerable to predation 38 . Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) infested by the polydorids Polydora hoplura Claparède, Polydora cornuta Bosc, and Boccardia semibranchiata Radashevsky grow more slowly and have poorer body condition than do uninfested oysters 39 . Glycogen, protein, and lipid content relative to the shell cavity volume are lower i...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of the shell-boring oyster parasite Polydora websteri (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Washington State, USA

Martinelli

Lopes

Hauser

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Spionid polychaetes are becoming established as a useful group for the study of regeneration. These worms are key members of marine benthic communities worldwide, where they can reach high abundances in soft bottom and hard substrates (Blake ; Radashevsky ). Spionids are notable for their effects upon substrates due to their burrowing and feeding behaviors (Luckenbach et al.…”

Section: Regeneration In Spionids Following Division Resulting From Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the capability to regenerate has been documented in many members of the Spionidae (Table ), experimental studies on regeneration have been conducted on only a few of the 500+ spionid species, mainly members of Dipolydora and related genera (i.e., polydorins; see Radashevsky ). In addition to regeneration following sublethal predation or physical damage, some spionids have been documented to regenerate anterior ends during asexual reproduction via architomy (transverse fission of parental individual followed by regeneration of the resulting fragments; e.g., Gibson & Harvey ) or paratomy (budding of new individuals or stolons from a parental or stock individual; e.g., Williams ; see also review of reproduction of spionids in Blake ).…”

Section: Regeneration In Spionids Following Division Resulting From Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior regeneration in the polychaeteMarenzelleria viridis(Annelida: Spionidae)

Whitford

Williams

2016

Invertebrate Biology

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The objective of this study was to examine the regeneration capacity of the spionid polychaete Marenzelleria viridis from Long Island, New York. In the field,~7% of the worms exhibited regeneration of the anterior end. In the laboratory, worms were ablated at the 10th-50th chaetiger and their regeneration documented. Anterior morphogenesis was similar to that previously reported for spionids, with wound healing, blastema formation, differentiation of segments, and formation of feeding and sensory structures (mouth, palps, nuchal organs) occurring within 14 d. Unlike in some spionids, the segments do not appear to all form simultaneously from the blastema; rather, external differentiation of segments was observed from posterior to anterior on the regenerate. The number of segments replaced was equal to the number ablated for up to 10 segments. A maximum of 17 segments were replaced when 20-30 chaetigers were ablated, and the number replaced decreased to 14 when 40-50 chaetigers were ablated. Survival and normal growth of the worms decreased with more chaetigers ablated; a significantly higher number of worms died or grew abnormally with ≥30 chaetigers ablated, compared to worms with ≤20 chaetigers ablated. Members of M. viridis could be valuable model organisms in the study of the cellular mechanisms involved in regeneration, and further research on regeneration in the field should be completed.Additional key words: marine, northwest Atlantic, Polychaeta, regenerate, sublethal predation Invertebrate Biology 135(4): 357-369.

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“…The heart body is present in many polychaete families, including Alvinellidae, Acrocirridae, Ampharetidae, Arenicolidae, Cirratulidae, Flabelligeridae, Parergodrilidae, Pectinariidae, Sabellariidae, Spionidae, and Terebellidae (Fransen 1988;Rouse and Pleijel 2001;Radashevsky 2012). The functions of the heart body in polychaetes are the secretion of blood pigment, the sequestration of foreign material, and possibly mechanically ensuring the flow of blood or performing a valvular function (Kennedy and Dales 1958;Braunbeck and Dales 1984;Fransen 1988).…”

Section: Structure and Functioning Of Circulatory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic development and functioning of the anterior end of Cossura pygodactylata Jones, 1956 (Annelida: Cossuridae)

2015

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Juvenile and adult Cossura pygodactylata Jones 1956 from the White Sea were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy, light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Transformations of the anterior musculature and digestive tract during ontogenesis were investigated. The early juveniles were shown to be lecithotrophic; their pharyngeal cavities were not connected to the intestines, which contained yolk granules. The juveniles bore prototrochs, which are used for movement, although juveniles had parapodial musculature similar to that of the adults. The juveniles presumably inhabit the upper semi-liquid layer of the silt. The muscles of the prostomium and circumbuccal complex change dramatically during ontogenesis. The ultrastructure of the buccal tentacles is redescribed. The tentacles consist of outer ciliated epithelial cells and an inner cylinder formed by epithelio-muscle cells. The blood sinus is situated between the central cylinder and the epithelium. Both juveniles and adults have developed circulatory systems. The whole dorsal vessel forms the heart with walls that consist of cells with circular cross-striated muscular fibres. The inner lumen is occluded by the heart body which is formed by a single row of cells that are tightly pressed together and connected by adherens junctions along their anterior and posterior surfaces. They contain granules and vesicles and bear numerous processes on the outer surface. The heart body most likely has a secretory haemopoetic function. A hypothetical mechanism of protraction and retraction of the buccal tentacles is suggested, and the participation of muscle contraction and relaxation in these movements is described. It is proposed that the protraction of the tentacles is provided by cell rigidity and increases in the blood volume in the tentacles blood sinuses. The development of the circulatory system is likely related to the need to keep the tentacles exposed during feeding while the anterior part of the body cavity is filled with muscle cell processes and there is no coelomic liquid flow. The proposed mechanism of feeding inside the sediment contrasts with that of surface feeding suggested by Tzetlin (Mém Mus Natl Hist Nat 162:137-143, 1994).

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Spionidae (Annelida) from shallow waters around the British Islands: an identification guide for the NMBAQC Scheme with an overview of spionid morphology and biology

Cited by 38 publications

References 60 publications

Confirmation of the shell-boring oyster parasite Polydora websteri (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Washington State, USA

Confirmation of the shell-boring oyster parasite Polydora websteri (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Washington State, USA

Anterior regeneration in the polychaeteMarenzelleria viridis(Annelida: Spionidae)

Ontogenetic development and functioning of the anterior end of Cossura pygodactylata Jones, 1956 (Annelida: Cossuridae)

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