The aim of this paper is to establish a frame of reference for a comprehensive study of the Hindustāni śahnāī during the twentieth century. The Hindustāni śahnāī, a type of double-reed aerophone, consists of a relatively small double reed of cane, as distinct from other double reeds in India made from palm leaf (Flora 1986), attached by a small conical metal tube to a wooden pipe of conical bore with seven fingerholes, no thumbhole, and an attached metal bell (Flora 1992). The author's instrument, from the tip of the reed to the end of the metal bell, varies from approximately 50 cm to 51 cm, depending on the particular reed and metal tube used. Playing in tune with a good reed is more important than maintaining a consistent length for the instrument.