Spiritual coping predicts CD4-cell preservation and undetectable viral load over four years

Kremer, Heidemarie; Ironson, Gail; Kaplan, Lauren M.; Stuetzele, Rick; Baker, Neil R.; Fletcher, Mary A

doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.952220

Cited by 39 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Spiritual coping (SC) was rated on a scale from very negative (−4: severe spiritual struggle, conflict, anger) to very positive (+4: spiritual growth/transformation as a central component of life), based on directed qualitative content-analysis of participants' interviews/essays on coping with HIV and stressful life events 12,14,15 . Further description of this rating scale can be found in Kremer and Ironson,14 as well as the results section of this paper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 Our previous work found that a general measure of spiritual coping did predict faster disease progression in HIV (as measured by changes in CD4 and viral load [VL] over 4 years). 12 In fact, those with negative spiritual coping lost their CD4 cells 2.25 times faster then those with positive spiritual coping. This finding is consistent with another study (N = 429), which found that spiritual struggles predicted CD4 change over 12-18 months.…”

Section: Literature In Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship Between Spiritual Coping and Survival in Patients with HIV

2016

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BACKGROUND: Studies of spirituality in initially healthy people have shown a survival advantage, yet there are fewer research studies in the medically ill, despite the widespread use of spirituality/religiousness to cope with serious physical illness. In addition, many studies have used limited measures such as religious service attendance. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine if, independent of medication adherence, the use of spirituality/religiousness to cope with HIV predicts survival over 17 years. DESIGN: This was a longitudinal study, started in 1997. Study materials were administered semi annually. PARTICIPANTS: A diverse sample of 177 HIV patients initially in the mid-stage of disease (150-500 CD4-cells/ mm 3 ; no prior AIDS-defining symptoms) participated in the study. MAIN MEASURES: Participants were administered a battery of psychosocial questionnaires and a blood draw. They completed interviews and essays to assess current stressors. Spiritual coping (overall/strategies) was rated by qualitative content analysis of interviews regarding stress and coping with HIV, and essays. KEY RESULTS: Controlling for medical variables (baseline CD4/viral load) and demographics, Cox regression analyses showed that overall positive spiritual coping significantly predicted greater survival over 17 years (mortality HR = 0.56, p = 0.039). Findings held even after controlling for health behaviors (medication adherence, substance use) and social support. Particular spiritual coping strategies that predicted longer survival included spiritual practices (HR = 0.26, p < 0.001), spiritual reframing (HR = 0.27, p = 0.006), overcoming spiritual guilt (HR = 0.24, p < 0.001), spiritual gratitude (HR = 0.40, p = 0.002), and spiritual empowerment (HR = 0.52, p = 0.024), indicating that people using these strategies were 2-4 times more likely to survive. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study showing a prospective relationship of spiritual coping in people who are medically ill with survival over such a long period of time, and also specifically identifies several strategies of spirituality that may be beneficial.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature In Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Spiritual Coping and Survival in Patients with HIV

2016

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“…Longitudinal SC was a stronger predictor of biological outcomes (CD4 cell preservation and cumulative undetectable viral load) than CL [14]. In fact, only CL towards self but not other-centered CL, was associated with biological outcome [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In women, it is unclear if their perceived benefit from giving CL to others is helpful for their own personal SC with HIV. Since SC is a stronger predictor of biological outcome than CL [4,14], future research should examine why women compared to men living with HIV seem to benefit more from SC, taking sexual orientation, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and geographical background into account [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Compassionate Love and Spiritual Coping with Trauma in Men and Women Living with HIV

et al. 2014

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Abstract:Our ten-year study examined the association between compassionate love (CL)-other-centered love, as well as compassionate self-love, and spiritual coping (SC)-the use of spirituality (connection to a Higher Presence or God) as a means to cope with trauma, and gender differences in 177 people living with HIV (PLWH). In a secondary data analysis of six-monthly interviews/essays, we coded five criteria of CL and rated the benefit of CL giving, receiving and self for the recipient. Synergistically, we rated longitudinal SC based on coding of 18 coping strategies. Overall, mean CL towards self was very high, followed by CL receiving and giving, while mean SC was moderately high. Women, in comparison to men, perceived higher benefit from SC and giving CL to others. Overall, CL towards self had the strongest association with SC, more pronounced in women than in men. Beyond gender, only CL for the self was a significant predictor of SC. Although there was a moderate association between SC and the perceived benefit from giving CL, after controlling for gender, this association was present in men only. Conversely, receiving CL from others yields a stronger association with SC in women than in men. Women perceived to benefit significantly more from SC and giving CL to others compared to men, whereas no gender differences were found on perceiving benefit from receiving CL from others or oneself. In conclusion, although women perceive more benefit from giving CL to others than men, this does not explain the higher benefit from SC among women. Ultimately, both men and women perceive to benefit more from SC the more they OPEN ACCESSReligions 2014, 5 1051 exhibit CL towards self and thus spiritual counseling should keep the importance of the balance between CL towards self and others in mind.

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“…Coping, according to Lazarus and Folkman, [8] involves “cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person.” There are adaptive coping strategies (e.g., positive reframing and active coping) and maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., substance use and denial). Research has been done on coping strategies and their relationship to the progression of chronic diseases or conditions like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dementia, and pain [9–12] but very little in the field of ophthalmology. [13,14] We are not aware of any studies that have examined coping strategies and the risk of glaucoma progression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maladaptive coping strategies and glaucoma progression

Freeman

Lesk²,

Harasymowycz³

et al. 2016

Medicine

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The identification of modifiable risk factors for glaucoma progression is needed. Our objective was to determine whether maladaptive coping styles are associated with recent glaucoma progression or worse visual field mean deviation.A hospital-based case–control study was conducted in the Glaucoma Service of Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal, Canada. Patients with primary open angle glaucoma or normal tension glaucoma with ≥4 years of follow-up and ≥5 Humphrey visual fields were included. Cases had recent visual field progression as defined according to the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial pattern change probability maps. Controls had stable visual fields. The Brief Cope questionnaire, a 28-item questionnaire about 14 different ways of coping with the stress of a chronic disease, was asked. Questions were also asked about demographic and medical factors, and the medical chart was examined. Outcomes included glaucoma progression (yes, no) and visual field mean deviation. Logistic and linear regressions were used.A total of 180 patients were included (82 progressors and 98 nonprogressors). Although none of the 14 coping scales were associated with glaucoma progression (P > 0.05), higher denial was correlated with worse visual field mean deviation (r = −0.173, P = 0.024). In a linear regression model including age, sex, education, depression, intraocular pressure, and family history of glaucoma, greater levels of denial (β = −1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.32, −0.41), Haitian ethnicity (β = −7.78, 95% CI −12.52, −3.04), and the number of glaucoma medications (β = −1.20, 95% CI −2.00, −0.38) were statistically significantly associated with visual field mean deviation.The maladaptive coping mechanism of denial was a risk factor for worse visual field mean deviation. Further prospective research will be required to verify the pathways by which denial may exert an effect on glaucomatous visual field loss.

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Spiritual coping predicts CD4-cell preservation and undetectable viral load over four years

Cited by 39 publications

References 39 publications

Relationship Between Spiritual Coping and Survival in Patients with HIV

Relationship Between Spiritual Coping and Survival in Patients with HIV

The Association between Compassionate Love and Spiritual Coping with Trauma in Men and Women Living with HIV

Maladaptive coping strategies and glaucoma progression

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