Spirituality and the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales

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“…In fact, our findings are very consistent with the published literature (e.g., MacDonald 2000a, MacDonald et al, 2015. Moreover, we were able to replicate the associations of the ESI-R dimensions with personality, wellness, and psychopathology variables as reported in other studies (e.g., MacDonald & Holland, 2003;Mendez & MacDonald, 2012;Migdal & MacDonald, 2013;Proyer & Laub, 2015).…”

“…Correlations between the ESI-R dimensions and SA-45 scales reflect a pattern of associations that harmonizes with MacDonald and Holland (2003), and Mendez and MacDonald (2012). ESI-R EWB produced significant strong negative correlations with all SA-45 scales with coefficients ranging from r = -.30 to = .61.…”

“…Since the instrument has been found to have good psychometric properties with other cultural samples, we expected the ESI-R to show the same with a Spanish sample. Second, we were interested in seeing if we could replicate published empirical findings with the ESI-R with regard to its associations to age, sex, personality, well-being, and psychopathology (MacDonald, 2000a;MacDonald et al, 2015;MacDonald & Holland, 2003;Mendez & MacDonald, 2012;Migdal & MacDonald, 2013). The available research generally indicates that one or more of MacDonald's (2000aMacDonald's ( , 2000b dimensions (a) show modest but positive associations with age, (b) are linked with sex such that women tend to get higher scores (especially on REL, followed by COS and PAR), (c) are related to personality traits in the well-known MacDonald's (2000a) five dimensional model of spirituality.…”

“…As such, it was less burdensome for us to create a Spanish adaptation of the test. Second, both the ESI and ESI-R have been used fairly extensively in research and have been shown to be useful for theory development, test validation, and the exploration of the relation of spirituality to psychological and social functioning (e.g., Affeldt & MacDonald, 2010;Huber & MacDonald, 2012;Kassab & MacDonald, 2011;MacDonald, 2009;Mendez & MacDonald, 2012;Saucier & Skrzypinska, 2006). Third, the ESI-R has been studied in different cultures and support has been found for its reliability and validity (e.g., MacDonald et al, 2015;Muhamad, Roodenburg, & Moore, 2014;Proyer & Laub, 2015).…”

A Call for the Inclusion of Spirituality in Yoga Research

“…To make these dimensions accessible for investigation, I concurrently created a paper-and-pencil self-report measure called the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory (ESI) [21,27] which demonstrates good psychometric properties. To date, the ESI has proven valuable in not only bringing order to the empirical literature [24], but also for validation of other instruments [28,29], empirical examination of the relation of spirituality to personality and psychosocial functioning [21,[30][31][32][33][34][35] and for theory development [36] (also see end note 1). In general, the work done with the ESI strongly suggests that spirituality (a) is a unique domain of human functioning and individual difference that is not reducible to other recognized aspects of functioning (e.g., health, personality) though is related to them, and (b) demonstrates complex and multidirectional relationships to health and pathology across the dimensions with Existential Well-Being, Religiousness, and Cognitive Orientation toward Spirituality showing the most consistently positive associations, the Experiential/Phenomenological Dimension showing mixed relations, and Paranormal Beliefs the most consistent linkages to psychopathology.…”