Spirofluorene based small molecules as an alternative to traditional non-fullerene acceptors for organic solar cells

Discovery of versatile bat‐shaped acceptor materials for high‐performance organic solar cells ‐ a DFT approach

“…This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage. 5,6 The three main components of a solar cell are an acceptor, a donor, and a bridge connecting them. 7,8 The donor part of an organic solar cell (OSCs) transports electrons towards the acceptor moiety.…”

“…In the manufacture of OSCs costly fullerene devices are being replaced by small electron acceptors organic molecules with low energy gaps (E g ) between HOMO and LUMO. 5 The efficient and speedy transfer of electrons 21 between the electron acceptors and donor moieties 14 is made possible with the small size of photovoltaic material being used and further modification of its internal structure by theoretically designing different materials for efficient OSCs. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The small-sized materials are way better than others due to their improved surface morphology and fill factor (FF), 29 increased hole mobility, 30 solution accessibility, 31 improved PCEs 32 and great reproducibility.…”

“…Solar technologies convert this solar energy to electricity by the photovoltaic effect with the use of mirrors that focus solar energy. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage 5,6 . The three main components of a solar cell are an acceptor, a donor, and a bridge connecting them 7,8 .…”

“…In the manufacture of OSCs costly fullerene devices are being replaced by small electron acceptors organic molecules with low energy gaps () between HOMO and LUMO 5 . The efficient and speedy transfer of electrons 21 between the electron acceptors and donor moieties 14 is made possible with the small size of photovoltaic material being used and further modification of its internal structure by theoretically designing different materials for efficient OSCs 22‐28 .…”

Designing four naphthalene di-imide based small organic solar cells with 5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-indene non-fullerene acceptors

“…These semiconductor devices mainly consists of donor part which are p-type semi-conductor materials, acceptor part which are n-type semi-conductors (Hoppe et al 2004), electrolyte which can be any organic solvent and TiO 2 to reduce the charge losses at donor/acceptor interfaces. Previously, fullerene derivatives were largely used as acceptor materials (Beheshtian et al 2012) for solar cell devices but they have many disadvantages like fullerene acceptors (Abbas et al 2021;Ajmal et al 2019) increases the manufacturing cost due to their huge and complex structure, show weak absorption bands in visible region and create difficulties to enhance acceptor properties for increasing organic solar cell device performances. So, manufacturing costs, device performances, absorption bands, solution processing abilities, open circuit voltages (V oc ), short circuit current density (J sc ), fill factor and crystallinity of modern organic solar cells are improved by replacing the fullerene acceptors with nonfullerene acceptors (Lin et al 2015).…”