Abstract:Background & aims: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) play an increasingly important role in the treatment of primary liver cancer (PLC). Some patients with PLC experience symptoms of splenomegaly. Splenomegaly may affect the efficacy of ICIs due to an imbalance of the immune microenvironment. Currently, there is a lack of evidence on the relationship between splenomegaly and prognosis in patients with PLC treated with ICIs. This study analyzed the relationship between splenomegaly and prognosis in patients w… Show more
“…At the same time, white pulp hypertrophy was observed in spleen sections of all animals with a tumor ( Figure 8 , middle panels), which indicated activation of the immune system in response to the neoplastic process. 27 Figure 8 Histological analysis of tumor and organs of the treated mice Histology analysis of the liver, spleen, and the tumor treated by recombinant viruses expressing IL-15 or IL-15Rα and their combination compared with the parental virus (LIVP-RFP) and the control group. …”
“…At the same time, white pulp hypertrophy was observed in spleen sections of all animals with a tumor ( Figure 8 , middle panels), which indicated activation of the immune system in response to the neoplastic process. 27 Figure 8 Histological analysis of tumor and organs of the treated mice Histology analysis of the liver, spleen, and the tumor treated by recombinant viruses expressing IL-15 or IL-15Rα and their combination compared with the parental virus (LIVP-RFP) and the control group. …”
“…Our previous study results suggest that lymph node metastasis and splenomegaly is an independent prognostic factor for PLC in immunotherapy [ 44 – 46 ]. A meta-analysis provided strong or highly suggestive evidence that NLR is associated with cancer prognosis [ 47 ].…”
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are safe and efficacious treatments for advanced primary liver cancer (PLC). The efficacy of different ICIs in the treatment of liver cancer remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore whether there is a difference in the efficacy and safety of various programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors in combination with lenvatinib in the treatment of unresectable PLC. Patients with PLC treated with lenvatinib in combination with PD-1 inhibitors (camrelizumab, tislelizumab, sintilimab, or pembrolizumab) between January 2018 and December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. Tumor response, adverse events, and grades were evaluated. Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to compare the overall survival and progression-free survival of patients treated with different PD-1 inhibitors. Cox regression analysis was used for univariate and multivariate analyses to identify clinical variables related to treatment efficacy. This study included a total of 176 patients who received a combination of lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors. Of these, 103 patients received camrelizumab, 44 received tislelizumab, 20 received sintilimab, and 9 received pembrolizumab. There was no significant difference in the pairwise comparison of camrelizumab, tislelizumab, sintilimab, and pembrolizumab using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Adverse events occurred in 40 (22.7%) patients (grade ≥ 3, 2.3%). The incidence of grade 3 adverse events among the four PD-1 inhibitor groups was below 5%. Camrelizumab, tislelizumab, sintilimab, and pembrolizumab are viable options for patients with unresectable PLC. These PD-1 inhibitors in combination with lenvatinib showed good safety profiles. The results guide selecting treatment for patients with unresectable PLC.
“…Enlargement of immune cells associated with tumors has been documented to exhibit a positive correlation with the advancement of tumors. 17 Splenomegaly, characterized by the enlargement of the spleen due to the proliferation of splenic granulocytes, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), is a notable phenomenon in mice bearing 4T1 tumors. 18 The images display images of mouse spleens taken at the endpoint (Figure 3A).…”
Section: Combination Of Exercise Training With Doxorubicin Effectivel...mentioning
BackgroundMammary carcinoma, a pervasive and potentially lethal affliction, is conjectured to be profoundly influenced by physical exercise, both in prophylaxis and therapeutic contexts. This study endeavors to explore the repercussions of exercise training on the progression of mammary carcinoma, particularly the mechanisms by which the amalgamation of an exercise regimen and doxorubicin induces tumor cell apoptosis.MethodsFemale BALB/c mice were categorized into four distinct groups: A sedentary group (SED), an exercise group (Ex), a doxorubicin group (Dox, 5 mg/kg), and a combined treatment group (Dox + Ex). The exercise training lasted for 21 days and included aerobic rotarod exercise and resistance training. The impact of exercise training on tumor growth, immune cell proportions, inflammatory factor levels, and cell apoptosis pathway was assessed.ResultsExercise training significantly curtailed tumor growth in a mouse model of breast cancer. Both the Ex and Dox groups exhibited significant reductions in tumor volume and weight (p < 0.01) in comparison to the SED group, while the Dox + Ex group had a significantly lower tumor volume and weight than the Dox group (p < 0.01). Exercise training also significantly increased the proportion of NK and T cells in various parts of the body and tumor tissue, while decreasing tumor blood vessels density. Exercise training also increased IL‐6 and IL‐15 levels in the blood and altered the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins in tumor tissue, with the combined treatment group showing even more significant changes.ConclusionsPhysical training improves the effectiveness of doxorubicin in treating breast cancer by activating cytotoxic immune cells, releasing tumor suppressor factors, and initiating mt‐apoptosis, all while mitigating the adverse effects of chemotherapy.
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