Spontaneous Citrobacter freundii Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient

Whalen, Jason G.

doi:10.1001/archderm.143.1.124

Cited by 47 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…P. stuartii [45] and C. freundii [46] are responsible for a number of significant opportunistic infections. Figures 7 and 8 show the results of antibacterial activity of different Ag:HAp-NPs exposed to P. stuartii and C. freundii, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial activity of silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

et al. 2012

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Ag-doped nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Ag:HAp-NPs) (Ca10-xAgx(PO4)6(OH)2, xAg = 0.05, 0.2, and 0.3) with antibacterial properties are of great interest in the development of new products. Coprecipitation method is a promising route for obtaining nanocrystalline Ag:HAp with antibacterial properties. X-ray diffraction identified HAp as an unique crystalline phase in each sample. The calculated lattice constants of a = b = 9.435 Å, c = 6.876 Å for xAg = 0.05, a = b = 9.443 Å, c = 6.875 Å for xAg = 0.2, and a = b = 9.445 Å, c = 6.877 Å for xAg = 0.3 are in good agreement with the standard of a = b = 9.418 Å, c = 6.884 Å (space group P63/m). The Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra of the sintered HAp show the absorption bands characteristic to hydroxyapatite. The Ag:HAp nanoparticles are evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, Citrobacter freundii and Serratia marcescens. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of these materials, regardless of the sample types, was greatest against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. stuartii, and C. freundii. The results of qualitative antibacterial tests revealed that the tested Ag:HAp-NPs had an important inhibitory activity on P. stuartii and C. freundii. The absorbance values measured at 490 nm of the P. stuartii and C. freundii in the presence of Ag:HAp-NPs decreased compared with those of organic solvent used (DMSO) for all the samples (xAg = 0.05, 0.2, and 0.3). Antibacterial activity increased with the increase of xAg in the samples. The Ag:HAp-NP concentration had little influence on the bacterial growth (P. stuartii).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial activity of silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

et al. 2012

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“…E. coli was more implicated in unprotected water sources but was also significantly present in the piped/protected water and organisms like Citrobacter which occur in environments and has been reported to cause opportunistic infections in immune suppressed individuals (respiratory tract, urinary tract and blood) and also neonatal meningitis. 22 Plesiomonas spp. is an Entrobacteriaceae which is distinguished from Shigella by oxidase test and it is positive and DNase negative which distinguishes it from Aeromonas spp.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Potential Enteric Pathogens in Treated and Untreated Water Sources around Eastern Cape Region

Muringani¹

2015

JBMOA

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Background: Fecal contamination of water sources has always been a major safety concern and a factor in determining the need of a continuous treatment program. A routine monitoring program for drinking water sources would provide increased public health protection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalent rates of potential enteric pathogens in water sources in Eastern Cape. Methods: Water samples (from water surfaces and undergrounds) were collected from treated and untreated water sources. The Colilert method (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine) was used to screen for fecal contamination and then selective culture media and Rapid 20E API Kit were used to identify different isolates. Results: of the 80 water sources (from Mthatha, Flagstaff, Tsolo, Mount frere, Libode,…. areas) sampled, there was a widespread contamination with coliforms ranging from…1..to.>2400……MPN/100ml. Whilst the contamination with E. coli remained relatively low in most of the sources, there were high contamination levels (>2400MPN/ml) of E. coli in water sources from Ntabankulu, Ngqeleni, Libode and Flagstaff. Among the isolated enteric pathogens, Escherichia coli 1 was the most prevalent (41.2%) followed by Salmonella spp. (17.7%) and Enterobacter spp. (10%). Conclusion: The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water may pose a serious health risk to consumers especially the young, elderly and the immune compromised. Therefore there is need for governing bodies to take extra steps in treatment and monitoring programs for safer and cleaner water sources.

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“…A defined structure of degradative bacteria was observed in the Mahuawa community as well, though with a noted absence of the Treponema and the other Spirochetes, but the presence of the Citrobacter. The Citrobacter have been observed to be opportunistic even in immunocompetent patients [62], and it has additionally been linked to arsenic volatilization [23]. The arsenic volatilizing bacteria Desulfovibrio and Clostridium were also selected for in the Mahuawa community [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arsenic disturbs the gut microbiome of individuals in a disadvantaged community in Nepal

Brabec

Wright

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Arsenic is ubiquitous in nature, highly toxic, and is particularly abundant in Southern Asia. While many studies have focused on areas like Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, disadvantaged regions within Nepal have also suffered from arsenic contamination levels, with wells and other water sources possessing arsenic contamination over the recommended WHO and EPA limit of 10 μg/L, some wells reporting levels as high as 500 μg/L. Despite the region's pronounced arsenic concentrations within community water sources, few investigations have been conducted to understand the impact of arsenic contamination on host gut microbiota health. This study aims to examine differential arsenic exposure on the gut microbiome structure within two disadvantaged communities in southern Nepal. Fecal samples (n ¼ 42) were collected from members of the Mahuawa (n ¼ 20) and Ghanashyampur (n ¼ 22) communities in southern Nepal. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified from fecal samples using Illumina-tag PCR and subject to high-throughput sequencing to generate the bacterial community structure of each sample. Bioinformatics analysis and multivariate statistics were conducted to identify if specific fecal bacterial assemblages and predicted functions were correlated with urine arsenic concentration. Our results revealed unique assemblages of arsenic volatilizing and pathogenic bacteria positively correlated with increased arsenic concentration in individuals within the two respective communities. Additionally, we observed that commensal gut bacteria negatively correlated with increased arsenic concentration in the two respective communities. Our study has revealed that arsenic poses a broader human health risk than was previously known. It is influential in shaping the gut microbiome through its enrichment of arsenic volatilizing and pathogenic bacteria and subsequent depletion of gut commensals. This aspect of arsenic has the potential to debilitate healthy humans by contributing to disorders like heart and liver cancers and diabetes, and it has already been shown to contribute to serious diseases and disorders, including skin lesions, gangrene and several types of skin, renal, lung, and liver cancers in disadvantaged areas of the world like Nepal.

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Spontaneous Citrobacter freundii Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

Antibacterial activity of silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Antibacterial activity of silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Prevalence of Potential Enteric Pathogens in Treated and Untreated Water Sources around Eastern Cape Region

Arsenic disturbs the gut microbiome of individuals in a disadvantaged community in Nepal

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