Abstract:Type 2-diabetes, particularly poorly controlled diabetes, is a risk factor for several infections such as lower respiratory tract and skin infections. Hyperglycemia, a characteristic downstream effect of poorly controlled diabetes, has been shown to impair the function of immune cells, in particular neutrophils. Several studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia-mediated priming of NADPH oxidase results in subsequent elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In healthy neutrophils, ROS plays an impor… Show more
“…For example, some wound dressings provide natural ECM and deliver growth factors for wound healing, but it doesn't suppress the activity of metalloproteinases, so the therapeutic effect is limited [ 127 , 128 ]. Some studies scavenge ROS to alleviate oxidative stress in diabetic wounds but the continuous generation of ROS induced by bacteria infection and hyperglycemia is not taken into consideration [ [129] , [130] , [131] ]. Even though some studies aim to deliver multiple drugs to ensure combined pro-regenerative functions, the drug-releasing profiles fail to follow the real-time wound healing cascade.…”
“…For example, some wound dressings provide natural ECM and deliver growth factors for wound healing, but it doesn't suppress the activity of metalloproteinases, so the therapeutic effect is limited [ 127 , 128 ]. Some studies scavenge ROS to alleviate oxidative stress in diabetic wounds but the continuous generation of ROS induced by bacteria infection and hyperglycemia is not taken into consideration [ [129] , [130] , [131] ]. Even though some studies aim to deliver multiple drugs to ensure combined pro-regenerative functions, the drug-releasing profiles fail to follow the real-time wound healing cascade.…”
“…High pH, 40 hypertonicity, 41 hyperglycemia, 42 disorders of NETs degradation, and other pathological factors are also vital for the induction of NETosis. Due to different disease contexts, symptomatic treatment may help to more deeply explore the impact that the unique microenvironment of various diseases plays on NETosis.…”
Section: Pathological Factorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…43 Compared to non-diabetic patients, hyperglycemia increases the rate of NETosis and the release of NETs in patients with type 2 diabetes. 42 There may be inflammatory factors and other stimuli in the inflammatory environment that induce NETosis and aggravate inflammation. The colonic inflammatory environment of patients with ulcerative colitis releases interleukin (IL)-1β and locally regulated thrombus tissue factor in the development and DNA damage responses 1 protein to promote NETosis.…”
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are large DNA reticular structures secreted by neutrophils and decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins. As a key mechanism for neutrophils to resist microbial invasion, NETs play an important role in the killing of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses). Although NETs are mostly known for mediating microbial killing, increasing evidence suggests that excessive NETs induced by stimulation of physical and chemical components, microorganisms, and pathological factors can exacerbate inflammation and organ damage. This review summarizes the induction and role of NETs in inflammation and focuses on the strategies of inhibiting NETosis and the mechanisms involved in pathogen evasion of NETs. Furthermore, herbal medicine inhibitors and nanodelivery strategies improve the efficiency of inhibition of excessive levels of NETs.
“…2 ; Table 1 ) [ 61 ]. It is noteworthy that the activity and expression of NOXs are regulated by obesity [ [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] ], physical inactivity [ 6 , 9 , 10 ], smoking [ [11] , [12] , [13] ], diabetes [ 14 , 15 ], stress [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] and chronic inflammation [ 5 , 7 ], which are also some of the common risk factors for CVDs and depression ( Fig. 1 ).…”
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