Spontaneous Pacing during Overground Hill Running

Townshend, Andrew D.; Worringham, Charles J.; Stewart, Ian B.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181af21e2

Cited by 65 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Considering all runners, stride rate was found to be greater at the 161.1 km site compared with the 90.3 km site but did not vary across sites among the top finishers. This is similar to previous studies in middle-distance runners that allowed a self-selected speed and demonstrated maintenance of stride rate despite a decrease in stride length over distance (6,36), and in endurance runners that demonstrated an increase in stride rate after completion of a mountain ultramarathon (28) or during a 24-hour treadmill run (26). Therefore, an increase in stride rate may represent an additional means by which runners can reduce impact forces.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Stride length was significantly affected by finish place and site. The overall site effect (i.e., decreased stride length between 16.5 and 90.3 km) was similar to previous research in middledistance runners (6,36), marathon runners (12), and endurance runners (31). However, this change in stride length was not characteristic of the fastest runners.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Foot Strike Pattern and Gait Changes During a 161-km Ultramarathon

Kasmer

Wren

Hoffman

2014

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Foot strike pattern has not been examined during ultramarathons where fatigue or avoidance of impact might have greater effect on foot strike and other gait parameters than in shorter events. In this study, video analysis from 3 level sites at a 161-km ultramarathon was used to: (a) examine changes in foot strike pattern, stride rate, and stride length; (b) determine if foot strike pattern is related to performance; and (c) ascertain if post-race blood creatine phosphokinase (CK) concentrations differ by foot strike pattern. Rear-foot strike (RFS) prevalence was 79.9, 89.0, and 83.9% at 16.5, 90.3, and 161.1 km, respectively. There was a significant distance effect observed between the 90.3 and 161.1-km site for stride rate (p < 0.05) and across all distances for stride length (p < 0.0001), but stride rate and length were stable among the top 20 finishers. There was no effect (p = 0.3) of foot strike pattern on performance. However, top 20 finishers had greater use (p = 0.02) of a non-RFS pattern at 161.1 km than the remaining finishers. There was a trend toward greater post-race blood CK values among non-RFS runners compared with RFS runners, reaching significance at the 90.3 km site (p < 0.05). Thus, the increased RFS prevalence by race midpoint was likely because of greater muscular demands of non-RFS patterns as supported by the higher post-race blood CK concentrations among non-RFS runners. Faster runners maintained higher stride rates and lengths throughout the race and made greater use of a non-RFS pattern at the end of the race compared with the slower finishers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Foot Strike Pattern and Gait Changes During a 161-km Ultramarathon

Kasmer

Wren

Hoffman

2014

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…Sloniger et al 16 observed a 9% higher muscle activation at a 10% inclination running, compared to flat running. This increased muscle activation is in line (a) with the greater relative contribution of the concentric force observed during uphill activity, (b) with a significantly higher metabolic cost, 17,18 and (c) with a pattern of differentiated muscular recruitment. 16 Positive chronotropic modifications and the heightened development of the slow component of oxygen consumption complete the list of significant physiological changes resulting from slope training.…”

supporting

confidence: 72%

Acute effect of uphill running: current scenario and future hypotheses

Filho¹,

Machado²

2018

Medical Express

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Strategies for metabolic adjustments are often considered by athletes throughout a running event. Planning for such events during training does not always include variations from level training, even though up/downhill exertion should definitely be a part of such planning. The differentiation of training stimuli, under adverse conditions of intensity and inclination, can generate differentiated benefits. However, uphill running raises expectations of deleterious effects. The imposition of different slope gradients throughout running could generate increased metabolic demands for sports performance. Thus, the present study aimed to answer questions mainly about the acute effects of uphill running, its relationship with aerobic performance, allowing us to introduce new hypotheses for future studies in the area on the subject. Gaps still need to be filled concerning the relevance of uphill running, and its determinants. Many of the points presently under scrutiny only lead to speculative explanations; for logical reasons, more studies should focus on the prescription of training at different slopes. This is the point at which specific conditioning is required, because the regulation of the effort and the energy cost resulting from the imposition of uphill running during competitive races depends heavily on previous experiences. This review will cover recently published research on the subject.

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“…The change in pace after 6.9 km occurred during level running, although this followed approximately 1.7 km of uphill and downhill running, and occurred in the presence of low and unchanged wind resistance and unchanged running surface. This would not appear to represent a readjustment to level running, since a short transient increase in speed is observed when level running is preceded by downhill running (Townshend et al 2010). When greater resolution was available (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Thermoregulation, pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment

et al. 2010

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Deep body temperature (T(c)), pacing strategy and fluid balance were investigated during a 21-km road race in a warm and humid environment. Thirty-one males (age 25.3 +/- 3.2 years; maximal oxygen uptake 59.1 +/- 4.2 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) volunteered for this study. Continuous T(c) responses were obtained in 25 runners. Research stations at approximately 3-km intervals permitted accurate assessment of split times and fluid intake. Environmental conditions averaged 26.4 degrees C dry bulb temperature and 81% relative humidity. Peak T(c) was 39.8 +/- 0.5 (38.5-40.7) degrees C with 24 runners achieving T(c) > 39.0 degrees C, 17 runners > or = 39.5 degrees C, and 10 runners > or = 40.0 degrees C. In 12 runners attaining peak T(c) > or = 39.8 degrees C, running speed did not differ significantly when T(c) was below or above this threshold (208 +/- 15 cf. 205 +/- 24 m min(-1); P = 0.532). Running velocity was the main significant predictor variable of T(c) at 21 km (R(2) = 0.42, P < 0.001) and was the main discriminating variable between hyperthermic (T(c) > or = 39.8 degrees C) and normothermic runners (T(c) < 39.8 degrees C) up to 11.8 km. A reverse J-shaped pacing profile characterised by a marked reduction in running speed after 6.9 km and evidence of an end-spurt in 16 runners was observed. Variables relating to fluid balance were not associated with any T(c) parameters or pacing. We conclude that hyperthermia, defined by a deep body temperature greater than 39.5 degrees C, is common in trained individuals undertaking outdoor distance running in environmental heat, without evidence of fatigue or heat illness.

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Spontaneous Pacing during Overground Hill Running

Cited by 65 publications

References 27 publications

Foot Strike Pattern and Gait Changes During a 161-km Ultramarathon

Foot Strike Pattern and Gait Changes During a 161-km Ultramarathon

Acute effect of uphill running: current scenario and future hypotheses

Thermoregulation, pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment

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