Spontaneous utero-cutaneous fistula between a benign uterine leiomyoma and abdominal skin: A case report

Utero-Cutaneous Fistula in Ruminants: Characterization of the First Cases in Ewes and Cows

“…UCF is a very rare complication of cesarean section in women, with about 20 cases reported in the literature in the past 30 years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][10][11][12]. The pathophysiology of UCF is not well understood [2], but most UCFs develop secondary to post-partum or postoperative complications, such as cesarean section or treatment for miscarriage in women [1][2][3][4][5][8][9][10][11]. Additionally, a few reports of UCF are secondarily associated with endometriosis [10], intramural fibroids [12], and leiomyoma [5].…”

“…The pathophysiology of UCF is not well understood [2], but most UCFs develop secondary to post-partum or postoperative complications, such as cesarean section or treatment for miscarriage in women [1][2][3][4][5][8][9][10][11]. Additionally, a few reports of UCF are secondarily associated with endometriosis [10], intramural fibroids [12], and leiomyoma [5]. Other risk factors associated with UCF formation include septic abortion, uterovaginal malformations, multiple abdominal surgeries, pelvic actinomycosis due to intra-uterine devices, prolonged use of drains, incomplete closure of incisions, pelvic abscesses, incomplete placenta removal, and curettage [1][2][3][4][5][8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Utero-cutaneous fistula (UCF) is an extremely rare variant of uterine fistulae that results from pathological communication amidst the anterior wall of the uterus and the abdominal wall [2,4]. The few UCF cases reported in women in the past 30 years were almost exclusively observed following surgical intervention, such as cesarean section or treatment for miscarriage [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…Reports on UCFs in animals are still lacking in veterinary literature. Despite UCF being mainly reported in the post-partum period in women [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], we present four cases of UCF affecting pregnant cows and ewes from different locations in Brazil. We report on the first cases of UCF in any animal species and provide detailed clinical signs, laboratory findings, and follow-up information, thus contributing to the knowledge about this rare condition in pregnant ruminants.…”

Uterocutaneous Fistula Secondary to an Uncomplicated Repetitive Cesarean Section

“…All previous studies have focused on similar risk factors such as infection, multiple abdominal surgeries, use of drains, or incomplete closure of uterine incision [4]. Most of the reported cases are secondary to a C/S, however, there are some other reports secondary to pelvic abscess, abdominal pregnancy, incomplete placenta removal, or uterovaginal malformation [5][6][7]. Our case includes two of the reported risk factors: repetitive C/S and wound infection in the early postoperative period.…”