Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes

Kenet, Tal; Bibitchkov, Dmitri; Tsodyks, Misha; Grinvald, Amiram; Arieli, Amos

doi:10.1038/nature02078

Cited by 868 publications

(907 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We think this reflects dynamically stable priors for the hypothesis that the environment has line segments of different distinct orientations. In other words, this is something the visual system is always expecting (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962;Kenet, Bibitchkov, Tsodyks, Grinvald, & Arieli, 2003). Therefore, when no higher level hypotheses are involved and when there is enough uncertainty or noise in the system (e.g., blurring), the system will try to predict the scene for line segments rather than meshes.…”

Section: Monocular Rivalrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

2008

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a b s t r a c tBinocular rivalry occurs when the eyes are presented with different stimuli and subjective perception alternates between them. Though recent years have seen a number of models of this phenomenon, the mechanisms behind binocular rivalry are still debated and we still lack a principled understanding of why a cognitive system such as the brain should exhibit this striking kind of behaviour. Furthermore, psychophysical and neurophysiological (single cell and imaging) studies of rivalry are not unequivocal and have proven difficult to reconcile within one framework. This review takes an epistemological approach to rivalry that considers the brain as engaged in probabilistic unconscious perceptual inference about the causes of its sensory input. We describe a simple empirical Bayesian framework, implemented with predictive coding, which seems capable of explaining binocular rivalry and reconciling many findings. The core of the explanation is that selection of one stimulus, and subsequent alternation between stimuli in rivalry occur when: (i) there is no single model or hypothesis about the causes in the environment that enjoys both high likelihood and high prior probability and (ii) when one stimulus dominates, the bottom-up, driving signal for that stimulus is explained away while, crucially, the bottom-up signal for the suppressed stimulus is not, and remains as an unexplained but explainable prediction error signal. This induces instability in perceptual dynamics that can give rise to perceptual transitions or alternations during rivalry.

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Section: Monocular Rivalrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

2008

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“…it has been demonstrated that cortical networks often spontaneously approach states similar to orientation maps [3,35]. Furthermore, the variability of responses of individual cells is in part attributable to cortical states across broad regions of the network [4].…”

Section: Pattern Adaptation-induced Orientation Shifts At Pinwheel Cementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the variability of responses of individual cells is in part attributable to cortical states across broad regions of the network [4]. The spontaneous activity of neurons can also reflect the functional circuit of which the neuron is a part [3,35].…”

Section: Pattern Adaptation-induced Orientation Shifts At Pinwheel Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Local networks in visual cortex and their influence on neuronal responses and dynamics

Schummers¹,

Mariño²,

Sur³

2004

Journal of Physiology-Paris

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Networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex generate complex outputs that are not simply predicted by their inputs. These emergent responses underlie the function of the cortex. Understanding how cortical networks carry out such transformations requires a description of the responses of individual neurons and of their networks at multiple levels of analysis. We focus on orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex as a model system to understand cortical network computations. Recent experiments in our laboratory and others provide significant insight into how cortical networks generate and maintain orientation selectivity. We first review evidence for the diversity of orientation tuning characteristics in visual cortex. We then describe experiments that combine optical imaging of orientation maps with intracellular and extracellular recordings from individual neurons at known locations in the orientation map. The data indicate that excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs are summed across the cortex in a manner that is consistent with simple rules of integration of local inputs. These rules arise from known anatomical projection patterns in visual cortex. We propose that the generation and plasticity of orientation tuning is strongly influenced by local cortical networks-the diversity of these properties arises in part from the diversity of neighbourhood features that derive from the orientation map.

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“…Importantly, intrahemispheric, spontaneous infraslow activity exhibits a patterned regional structure that is analogous to cortical motifs within higher-frequency (0.5-6 Hz) activity that we have previously described 27 . This builds upon pioneering studies in cat visual cortex which illustrated that cortical orientation representations are dynamically represented in ongoing spontaneous activity, and further, that these events may serve a preparatory role in setting default cortical sensory input parameters 30,31 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoscale infraslow spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations recapitulate high-frequency activity cortical motifs

et al. 2015

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Neuroimaging of spontaneous, resting-state infraslow (o0.1 Hz) brain activity has been used to reveal the regional functional organization of the brain and may lead to the identification of novel biomarkers of neurological disease. However, these imaging studies generally rely on indirect measures of neuronal activity and the nature of the neuronal activity correlate remains unclear. Here we show, using wide-field, voltage-sensitive dye imaging, the mesoscale spatiotemporal structure and pharmacological dependence of spontaneous, infraslow cortical activity in anaesthetized and awake mice. Spontaneous infraslow activity is regionally distinct, correlates with electroencephalography and local field potential recordings, and shows bilateral symmetry between cortical hemispheres. Infraslow activity is attenuated and its functional structure abolished after treatment with voltage-gated sodium channel and glutamate receptor antagonists. Correlation analysis reveals patterns of infraslow regional connectivity that are analogous to cortical motifs observed from higher-frequency spontaneous activity and reflect the underlying framework of intracortical axonal projections.

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Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes

Cited by 868 publications

References 29 publications

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

Local networks in visual cortex and their influence on neuronal responses and dynamics

Mesoscale infraslow spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations recapitulate high-frequency activity cortical motifs

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