Spoofing in aviation: Security threats on GPS and ADS-B systems

Kožović, Dejan; Đurđević, Dragan Ž.

doi:10.5937/vojtehg69-30119

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…At the same time, cyberattacks in the aviation industry are increasing. Wireless attacks such as jamming, Denial-of-Service (DoS), and spoofing are becoming common [3]. For example, a security expert had allegedly broken into an aircraft control system using an in-flight entertainment network [4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

Khandker¹,

Turtiainen²,

Costin³

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is a cornerstone of the next-generation digital sky and is now mandated in several countries. However, there have been many reports of serious security vulnerabilities in the ADS-B architecture. In this paper, we demonstrate and evaluate the impact of multiple cyberattacks on ADS-B via remote radio frequency links that affected various network, processing, and display subsystems used within the ADS-B ecosystem.Overall we implemented and tested 12 cyberattacks on ADS-B in a controlled environment, out of which 5 attacks were presented or implemented for the first time. For all these attacks, we developed a unique testbed that consisted of 13 hardware devices and 22 software that ran on Android, iOS, Linux, and Windows operating systems, which result in a total of 36 tested configurations. Each of the attacks was successful on various subsets of the tested configurations. In some attacks, we discovered wide qualitative variations and discrepancies in how particular configurations react to and treat ADS-B inputs that contain errors or contradicting flight information, with the main culprit almost always being the software implementation. In some other attacks, we managed to cause Denial of Service (DoS) by remotely crashing/impacting more than 50% of the test-set that corresponded to those attacks.Besides demonstrating successful attacks, we also implemented, investigated, and report herein some practical countermeasures to these attacks. We demonstrated that the strong relationship between the received signal strength and the distance-toemitter might help verify the aircraft's advertised ADS-B position and distance. For example, our best machine learning models achieved 90% accuracy in detecting spoofed ADS-B signals, which may be effectively used to distinguish ADS-B signals of real aircraft from spoofed signals of attackers.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

Khandker¹,

Turtiainen²,

Costin³

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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“…GNSS spoofing is the transmission of fake GNSS signals containing false information. The effect on the receiver is more dangerous compared with the jamming for at least two reasons: it is more difficult to detect by the user, and the receiver uses the fake signals carrying out wrong positions that can have huge biases and can also follow a fake trajectory [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Threat Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ADS-B Crowd-Sensor Network and Two-Step Kalman Filter for GNSS and ADS-B Cyber-Attack Detection

Leonardi

Sirbu

2021

Sensors

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Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast is an Air Traffic Control system in which aircraft transmit their own information (identity, position, velocity, etc.) to ground sensors for surveillance purposes. This system has many advantages compared to the classical surveillance radars: easy and low-cost implementation, high accuracy of data, and low renewal time, but also limitations: dependency on the Global Navigation Satellite System, a simple unencrypted and unauthenticated protocol. For these reasons, the system is exposed to attacks like jamming/spoofing of the on-board GNSS receiver or false ADS-B messages’ injection. After a mathematical model derivation of different types of attacks, we propose the use of a crowd sensor network capable of estimating the Time Difference Of Arrival of the ADS-B messages together with a two-step Kalman filter to detect these attacks (on-board GNSS/ADS-B tampering, false ADS-B message injection, GNSS Spoofing/Jamming). Tests with real data and simulations showed that the algorithm can detect all these attacks with a very high probability of detection and low probability of false alarm.

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“…A total of 29 ground base stations have been constructed by the Australian Aviation Services Corporation. In 2011, the Civil Aviation Administration of China successfully developed ADS-B surveillance 2 Complexity equipment independently and formulated the ADS-B implementation plan in 2012. e promotion and application of ADS-B is regarded as the key for my country to move from a large civil aviation country to a powerful civil aviation country [15]. e literature [16] used Petri nets to carry out more comprehensive research on the A-SMGCS system, including path planning and conflict avoidance.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e main reason for the backward development is that under the current air traffic control system, the development of our country's general aviation is restricted [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Channel Optimization of Ads‐B Aviation Target Surveillance Radar Based on Improved Filtering Algorithm

Zheng¹,

Tang²,

2021

Complexity

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In order to improve the surveillance effect of the aviation target surveillance radar, this paper improves the traditional filtering algorithm and builds the channel optimization system of the ADS-B aviation target surveillance radar based on the improved filtering algorithm. Moreover, this paper uses algorithm improvement to ensure the positive definite or semipositive definiteness of the state covariance and uses the root mean square volume Kalman filter to avoid the filter divergence or tracking interruption caused by the nonpositive definiteness of the matrix; the filtering principle of the interactive multimodel is to use multiple filters for parallel processing and achieve the adaptive adjustment algorithm residual error by adjusting the one-step prediction covariance in the adjustment algorithm. In addition, this paper combines the actual needs to construct a system functional structure to optimize the channel of the ADS-B aviation target surveillance radar and uses software engineering methods to model and analyze the requirements. Finally, this paper designs experiments to verify system performance. The research results show that the performance of the system constructed in this paper meets actual needs.

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Spoofing in aviation: Security threats on GPS and ADS-B systems

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

ADS-B Crowd-Sensor Network and Two-Step Kalman Filter for GNSS and ADS-B Cyber-Attack Detection

Research on Channel Optimization of Ads‐B Aviation Target Surveillance Radar Based on Improved Filtering Algorithm

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