Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping

Hunter, Paul; Hughes, Scott; Woodhouse, Sarah; Syed, Qutub; Verlander, Neville Q.; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Morgan, K. L.; Nichols, Gordon; Beeching, Nicholas J.; Osborn, Keith

doi:10.3201/eid1007.030582

Cited by 206 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Livestock however, particularly cattle and sheep, are important reservoirs for C. parvum. In case-control studies, contact with cattle was implicated as a risk factor for human cryptosporidiosis in the USA, UK, Ireland and Australia (Robertson et al 2002;Goh et al 2004;Hunter et al 2004;Roy et al 2004).…”

Section: R Y P T O S P O R I D I U M S P E C I E S I N a N I M A L Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

2014

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S U M M A R YCryptosporidium is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that have been reported in humans, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with several Cryptosporidium species or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission of Cryptosporidium species, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for many Cryptosporidium species of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity of Cryptosporidium species and impact of climate change on the transmission of Cryptosporidium.

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Section: R Y P T O S P O R I D I U M S P E C I E S I N a N I M A L Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

2014

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“…Contamination of food or water by cattle manure has been identified as a cause of several foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis (Glaberman et al 2002;Blackburn et al 2006). In case-control studies, contact with cattle was implicated as a risk factor for human cryptosporidiosis in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia (Robertson et al 2002;Goh et al 2004;Hunter et al 2004;Roy et al 2004). The environmental loading rate of Cryptosporidium in cattle has been estimated at between 3900 and 1·7 × 10 5 oocysts cow − 1 day − 1 (Hoar et al 2000;Atwill et al 2003).…”

Section: Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiumspecies in Australian wildlife and domestic animals

Ryan

Power

2012

Parasitology

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SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis an important enteric parasite that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contributeCryptosporidiumto surface waters. Most species ofCryptosporidiumare morphologically indistinguishable and can only be identified using molecular tools. Over 24 species have been identified and of these, 7Cryptosporidiumspecies/genotypes are responsible for most human cryptosporidiosis cases. In Australia, relatively few genotyping studies have been conducted. SixCryptosporidiumspecies (C. hominis,C. parvum,C. meleagridis,C. fayeri,C. andersoniandC. bovis)have been identified in humans in Australia. However, little is known about the contribution of animal hosts to human pathogenic strains ofCryptosporidiumin drinking water catchments. In this review, we focus on the available genotyping data for native, feral and domestic animals inhabiting drinking water catchments in Australia to provide an improved understanding of the public health implications and to identify key research gaps.

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“…Cryptosporidiosis, caused by protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium, is endemic in the UK, affecting all ages (but especially children under five years) and immunecompetent as well as immunocompromised individuals (Hunter et al, 2004b). The incubation period normally ranges from 3 to 14 days, most commonly 5 to 7 days .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An audit of the laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales

Chalmers

Atchison

Barlow

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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To assess the level of practice consistent with UK national standards for Cryptosporidium testing, an audit was performed of 156 publicly funded clinical microbiology laboratories in England and Wales between August 2013 and April 2014. Responses were received from 85 (54 %) laboratories. First line diagnostic methods used were mainly microscopy with modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) or auramine phenol (AP) staining (68/85, 80 %), enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (16/85, 19 %) or in-house PCR (1/85, 1 %). The use of EIAs was more widespread than reported previously. Various methods were used for confirmation of positive EIA reactions and laboratories frequently resorted to sending samples to the national reference laboratory for this purpose, indicating that guidance is required for performance monitoring and confirmation of positive reactions. Laboratory positivity rates were related to the diagnostic test used, with highest median rates reported by those using PCR, EIAs or AP microscopy, and the lowest by those using mZN microscopy. One-third of responding laboratories (28/85, 33 %) routinely tested all stools for Cryptosporidium. However, 16 (19 %) laboratories used stool consistency to decide whether to test for this parasite. Other selection criteria included patient age (n518; 21 % laboratories), history or clinical details (n540; 47 %), duration of hospitalization (n518; 21 %) or clinician requests (n525; 29 %). To encourage laboratories to test all stools submitted for the investigation of diarrhoeal illness for Cryptosporidium, revision of the guidance in the national standards is under way. This will enable improved assessment of the burden of illness and ability to monitor outbreaks, and measure changes in reported cases.

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Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping

Abstract: Risk factors for Cryptosporidiosis in United Kingdom.

Cited by 206 publications

References 17 publications

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

Cryptosporidiumspecies in Australian wildlife and domestic animals

An audit of the laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales

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