Spore-forming Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis subsp. nov., isolated from a domestic wastewater treatment tank

Ajithkumar, Bindu; Ajithkumar, Vasudevan P.; Iriye, Ryozo; Doi, Yukio; Sakai, Tadashi

doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02158-0

Cited by 67 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Transmission electron microscopy was performed on the isolate, and it had endospores and a Gramnegative type of cell structure. The organism produced prodigiosin, the compound responsible for red pigmentation in many strains of S. marcescens, S. plymuthica, and S. rubidaea, and had the same biochemical pattern as S. marcescens (2). The formation of endospores had never before been reported for members of the Enterobacteriaceae, and confirmation of the existence of the endospores is now in question; a member of the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae for the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes has so far not been able to identify spores in the isolate (185).…”

Section: Taxonomy Of S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of endospores had never before been reported for members of the Enterobacteriaceae, and confirmation of the existence of the endospores is now in question; a member of the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae for the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes has so far not been able to identify spores in the isolate (185). Ajithkumar and others, in the paper where they described this endospore-forming isolate of S. marcescens, suggested that the organism may have undergone gene transfer with Bacillus species present in the wastewater in order to acquire the ability to form endospores (2). If gene transfer can occur between S. marcescens and Bacillus species in nature, then perhaps S. marcescens may also readily lose the acquired genes.…”

Section: Taxonomy Of S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the time, it was reported as a probable Bacillus species, but the DNA GϩC content resembled that of the genus Serratia (2). Numerous studies by Ajithkumar and others were undertaken to determine the identity of the isolate.…”

Section: Taxonomy Of S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

2011

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SUMMARY Serratia species, in particular Serratia marcescens , are significant human pathogens. S. marcescens has a long and interesting taxonomic, medical experimentation, military experimentation, and human clinical infection history. The organisms in this genus, particularly S. marcescens , were long thought to be nonpathogenic. Because S. marcescens was thought to be a nonpathogen and is usually red pigmented, the U.S. military conducted experiments that attempted to ascertain the spread of this organism released over large areas. In the process, members of both the public and the military were exposed to S. marcescens , and this was uncovered by the press in the 1970s, leading to U.S. congressional hearings. S. marcescens was found to be a certain human pathogen by the mid-1960s. S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens have been isolated as causative agents of numerous outbreaks and opportunistic infections, and the association of these organisms with point sources such as medical devices and various solutions given to hospitalized patients is striking. Serratia species appear to be common environmental organisms, and this helps to explain the large number of nosocomial infections due to these bacteria. Since many nosocomial infections are caused by multiply antibiotic-resistant strains of S. marcescens , this increases the danger to hospitalized patients, and hospital personnel should be vigilant in preventing nosocomial outbreaks due to this organism. S. marcescens , and probably other species in the genus, carries several antibiotic resistance determinants and is also capable of acquiring resistance genes. S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens are usually identified well in the clinical laboratory, but the other species are rare enough that laboratory technologists may not recognize them. 16S rRNA gene sequencing may enable better identification of some of the less common Serratia species.

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Section: Taxonomy Of S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomy Of S Marcescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

2011

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“…The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates WPRA3, SM11-3J and SC-G18 were similar to other non-pathogenic Serratia species such as S. marcescens subsp. sakuensis JCM 11315 [10], but they were more resistant to antibiotics than S. nemathodiphila DZ0503SBS1 [11], although in comparison with pathogenic Serratia species such as S. marcescens strain 08 [12] and S. marcescens [13] they were more susceptible to antibiotics. Table 1 shows the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates WPRA3, SM11-3J and SC-G18 in comparison with other Serratia species.…”

Section: Antibiotic Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy-Metal Tolerance and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Red Pigmented Bacteria Isolated from Marine Environment

Jafarzade¹,

Mohamad²,

Usup³

et al. 2012

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This study was undertaken to determine heavy metal resistance and antibiotic susceptibility of three non-pathogenic red pigmented bacteria namely WPRA3, SM11-3j and SC-G18, isolated from marine environments of Malaysia. The bacteria isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and by biochemical and morphological tests. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of all isolates showed ≥96% similarity to Serratia spp. Antibiotic susceptibility test of isolates was assayed according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. All isolates were highly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, but were susceptible to quinolone antibiotics. . Isolates WPRA3 and SM11-3j showed higher multiple tolerances to heavy metals. The results obtained indicate that bacteria from marine environments of Malaysia present interesting metabolic activities, which should be studied and explored for potential biotechnological applications.

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“…The importance of establishing a robust genomic signature for endosporulation is also well exemplified by the claims, dismissed by some authors (29) but which are recurrent, that endospores can be formed by certain pathogenic Mycobacterium spp., explaining, for example, the long-term persistence of these organisms in infected hosts (30,31), or by Gram-negative organisms, such as Rhodobacter johrii or Serratia marcescens, the latter a close relative of Escherichia coli (32,33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Genomic Signature and the Identification of New Sporulation Genes

et al. 2013

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Bacterial endospores are the most resistant cell type known to humans, as they are able to withstand extremes of temperature, pressure, chemical injury, and time. They are also of interest because the endospore is the infective particle in a variety of human and livestock diseases. Endosporulation is characterized by the morphogenesis of an endospore within a mother cell. Based on the genes known to be involved in endosporulation in the model organism Bacillus subtilis, a conserved core of about 100 genes was derived, representing the minimal machinery for endosporulation. The core was used to define a genomic signature of about 50 genes that are able to distinguish endospore-forming organisms, based on complete genome sequences, and we show this 50-gene signature is robust against phylogenetic proximity and other artifacts. This signature includes previously uncharacterized genes that we can now show are important for sporulation in B. subtilis and/or are under developmental control, thus further validating this genomic signature. We also predict that a series of polyextremophylic organisms, as well as several gut bacteria, are able to form endospores, and we identified 3 new loci essential for sporulation in B. subtilis: ytaF, ylmC, and ylzA. In all, the results support the view that endosporulation likely evolved once, at the base of the Firmicutes phylum, and is unrelated to other bacterial cell differentiation programs and that this involved the evolution of new genes and functions, as well as the cooption of ancestral, housekeeping functions. Bacterial endospores, such as those formed by species of the Bacillus and Clostridium genera, are arguably the most resistant cellular structures known to scientists. Endospores resist physical and chemical changes, such as exposure to solvents, oxidizing agents, and lytic enzymes, high temperatures, vacuum, acceleration, and irradiation, that would rapidly destroy the vegetative form of the bacterium (1-3). The extreme conditions endured by bacterial endospores include simulated and actual extraterrestrial environments (2). The resilience of the endospore allows it to remain viable in the environment for long periods of time, contributing to the wide geographic distributions of spores in Earth's ecosystems (2). It also allows endospore formers to occupy niches in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of metazoans, establishing either symbiotic or commensal relationships or pathogenic interactions, in which case the spore often serves as the infectious vehicle (4-7). The robustness of endospores is also the basis for several applications of endospores in biomedicine and biotechnology, including their use in probiotic formulations or as platforms for the display of enzymes or antigens (8-10).Most of the previously described endosporulating bacteria belong to the Clostridia (anaerobic) and Bacilli (aerobic) classes of the Firmicutes phylum, one of the two eubacterial phyla that groups Gram-positive organisms (11). However, endospore formers are found in other classes within t...

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Spore-forming Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis subsp. nov., isolated from a domestic wastewater treatment tank

Cited by 67 publications

References 13 publications

Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice

Heavy-Metal Tolerance and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Red Pigmented Bacteria Isolated from Marine Environment

A Genomic Signature and the Identification of New Sporulation Genes

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