Sporothrix
            schenckii complex biology: environment and fungal pathogenicity

Téllez, Ma del Carmen Sánchez; Batista-Duharte, Alexander; Portuondo, Deivys Leandro; Quinello, Camila; Bonne-Hernández, R.; Carlos, Iracilda Zeppone

doi:10.1099/mic.0.081794-0

Cited by 67 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(221 reference statements)

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“…Instead, it typically occurs after traumatic inoculation or through microscopic breaks in the skin caused by pricks with plants, although the mode of transmission was not obvious in 60% of patients with sporotrichosis. Infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues develops at the site of penetrating trauma and may spread to the muscles, fascia, cartilage, and bones (42, 43). The clinical features of these endemic mycoses are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and Molecular Defects Underlying Invasive Fungal Infections—Revelations from Endemic Mycoses

Lee

Lau

2017

Front. Immunol.

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The global burden of fungal diseases has been increasing, as a result of the expanding number of susceptible individuals including people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hematopoietic stem cell or organ transplant recipients, patients with malignancies or immunological conditions receiving immunosuppressive treatment, premature neonates, and the elderly. Opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus, and Pneumocystis jiroveci are distributed worldwide and constitute the majority of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Dimorphic fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides spp., Paracoccidioides spp., Blastomyces dermatiditis, Sporothrix schenckii, Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei, and Emmonsia spp. are geographically restricted to their respective habitats and cause endemic mycoses. Disseminated histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and T. marneffei infection are recognized as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions, while the rest also cause high rate of morbidities and mortalities in patients with HIV infection and other immunocompromised conditions. In the past decade, a growing number of monogenic immunodeficiency disorders causing increased susceptibility to fungal infections have been discovered. In particular, defects of the IL-12/IFN-γ pathway and T-helper 17-mediated response are associated with increased susceptibility to endemic mycoses. In this review, we put together the various forms of endemic mycoses on the map and take a journey around the world to examine how cellular and molecular defects of the immune system predispose to invasive endemic fungal infections, including primary immunodeficiencies, individuals with autoantibodies against interferon-γ, and those receiving biologic response modifiers. Though rare, these conditions provide importance insights to host defense mechanisms against endemic fungi, which can only be appreciated in unique climatic and geographical regions.

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Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and Molecular Defects Underlying Invasive Fungal Infections—Revelations from Endemic Mycoses

Lee

Lau

2017

Front. Immunol.

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“…(Marimon et al ., 2007; Rodriguez et al ., 2018). These fungi are naturally found in soils plentiful in cellulose, with a pH range of 3.5 to 9.4, a mean temperature of 31 °C, and a relative humidity above 92% (Téllez et al ., 2014). People acquire sporotrichosis by inoculation of fungal conidia in the environment after a traumatic lesion and more rarely by inhalation and mucosal contact (Barros et al ., 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Téllez-Martínez

Batista-Duharte

Silva

et al. 2019

Preprint

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24Environmental factors modify the physiology of microorganisms, allowing their survival in 25 extreme conditions. However, the influence of chemical contaminants on fungal virulence has 26 been little studied. Sporotrichosis is an emergent fungal disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii, 27 a soil-inhabiting fungus that has been found in polluted environments. Here, we evaluated the 28 adaptive stress response of S. schenckii induced by toluene, a key soil contaminant. The effect 29 on fungal virulence and host immune response was also assessed. The fungus survived up to 30 0.10% toluene in liquid medium. Greater production of melanosomes and enhanced activity 31 superoxide dismutase, associated to increased tolerance to H2O2 were observed in toluene-32 exposed fungi. Intraperitoneal infection of mice with S. schenckii treated with either 0, 0.01 or 33 0.1% of toluene, resulted in greater fungal burden at day 7 post-infection in spleen and liver in 34 the groups infected with fungus treated with toluene 0.1%. A higher production of Il-1β, TNF-35 α, IL-10 and nitric oxyde by peritoneal macrophages and IFNɣ, IL-4 and IL-17 by splenocytes 36 was also observed in that group. Our findings showed that morphological and functional 37 changes induced by toluene leads to increased S. schenckii virulence and antifungal host 38 immune response in our model. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 78 Aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, 79 collectively known as BTEX, are one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. 80 BTEX are extensively used as solvents in many industrial processes and as base reagents for 81 the production of chemicals products. In addition, BTEX are components of gasoline and 82 aviation fuels. They are often released in the environment during production, transport, use and 83 disposal, causing groundwater, surface water, and soil contamination. Toluene has been found 84 in at least 1,012 of the 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental 85 Protection Agency (EPA) and it is included in the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease 86 Registry (ATSDR) 2017 substance priority list, which is based on a combination of their 87 frequency, toxicity, and potential for human exposure (Agency for Toxic Substances and 88 Disease Registry. ATSDR's Substance Priority List. 2017).89Prenafreta-Boldu isolated several fungi, including S. schenckii, in biofilters exposed to 90 polluted air or hydrocarbon gas streams. The data from this research showed that volatile 91 hydrocarbon-degrading strains are closely related to a very restricted number of pathogenic 92 fungal species that cause severe mycoses, especially neurological infections, in 93 immunocompetent individuals (Prenafeta-Boldú et al., 2006). 94To date, there have been no studies examining the influence of chemical contaminants 95 on the biology of S. schenckii sensu latu. Given that this fungus inhabits soils and this niche is 96 frequently contaminated with oil and their products, the objective of this...

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“…As quatro primeiras já foram isoladas no Brasil (Rodrigues et al 2014). Esporotricose já foi descrita em humanos e em várias espécies animais que incluem gatos, cães, ratos, tatus, equinos (Téllez et al 2014), asininos, bovinos, caprinos, suínos, hamsters, camelos, chimpanzés e aves domésticas (Ginn et al 2007), mas é diagnosticada com maior frequência em gatos (Lacaz 2002, Ginn et al 2007.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…A classificação das formas clínicas utilizadas em humanos, cutânea localizada ou disseminada, cutâneo-linfática e extracutânea ou sistêmica (Lacaz 2002, Ginn et al 2007, Téllez et al 2014), é difícil de ser aplicada em cães e gatos, pois eles frequentemente têm mais de uma forma simultaneamente (Schubach et al 2012). A rota usual de transmissão é a pele (Díaz 1989), mas também pode ocorrer por inalação, causando a forma extracutânea (Barros et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Características clínico-epidemiológicas, histomorfológicas e histoquímicas da esporotricose felina

et al. 2016

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RESUMO.-Esporotricose é uma infecção fúngica causada por espécies do complexo Sporothrix, vista com maior frequência em gatos, equinos e cães. Os principais objetivos deste estudo retrospectivo foram caracterizar os aspectos histomorfológicos e histoquímicos da esporotricose em 10 gatos, além de avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos, clíni-cos e os achados macroscópicos desses 10 casos, obtidos dos protocolos de biópsias e necropsias dos arquivos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A doença acometeu predominantemente gatos machos, sem raça definida e apresentou-se principalmente na forma cutânea disseminada. As lesões macroscópicas caracterizaram-se como nódulos cutâneos (ulcerados ou não) e como massas e placas ulceradas. Na histopatologia observou-se uma relação entre a quantidade de leveduras observada e dois padrões de resposta infla- glaukommers@yahoo.com Sporotrichosis is a mycotic infection caused by the Sporothrix complex species, affecting mostly cats, horses, and dogs. The main objectives of this retrospective study were to characterize the histomorphological and histochemical aspects of sporotrichosis in 10 cats, and also to evaluate epidemiological and clinical aspects, and gross findings obtained from the biopsy and necropsy protocols of these ten cases, obtained from the archives of the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The disease affected mostly male mongrel cats, and was mostly observed in the cutaneous disseminated form. Gross lesions were characterized by cutaneous nodules (ulcerated or not) and by ulcerated masses or plaques. By histopathology, there were a relationship between the fungal load and two patterns of inflammatory response. The first pattern was characterized by high fungal load, and most yeasts were inside of numerous macrophages with abundant, many times vacuolated cytoplasm. The amount of neutrophils ranged from mild to moderate in this pattern. The second pattern was characterized by numerous epiteliod cells and many neutrophils. The fungal load was low and most yeasts were observed in the extracellular space. The yeasts were round, oval or cigar-shaped. Several histochemical techniques, such as Grocott's silver stain, periodic Schiff acid, and Alcian blue were utilized and they made it easier to visualize, to characterize the morphology, and to quantify the organisms. The Giemsa stain allowed visualizing the agent, but it not allowed to sharply highlight them from other intralesional components. Organisms were negative for melanin granules through the Fontana-Masson stain in all cases. The histomorphological and histochemical study allowed demonstrating determinant fungal characteristics to the establishment of the diagnosis by means of this diagnostic tool.INDEX TERMS: Feline sporotrichosis, Sporothrix spp. complex, diseases of cats, subcutaneous mycosis.

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Sporothrix schenckii complex biology: environment and fungal pathogenicity

Cited by 67 publications

References 170 publications

Cellular and Molecular Defects Underlying Invasive Fungal Infections—Revelations from Endemic Mycoses

Cellular and Molecular Defects Underlying Invasive Fungal Infections—Revelations from Endemic Mycoses

Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Características clínico-epidemiológicas, histomorfológicas e histoquímicas da esporotricose felina

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