Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Characterization of Oligosporogenous Mutants and Comparison of Their Phenotypes with Those of Asporogenous Mutants

Coote, J. G.

doi:10.1099/00221287-71-1-1

Cited by 106 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Members of the E regulon that are important for sporulation include spoIID, spoIIM, and spoIIP, which are required for engulfment and to prevent a second asymmetric division from occurring in the mother cell (1,37,57,85,228,232,246,271,272); spoIVA, cotE, and spoVID, which encode scaffold proteins for spore coat assembly (18,245,273,317,318); the spoIIIA operon, which is required for activation of the lateprespore specific sigma factor G (125, 146); sigK, the composite gene for the late mother cell-specific transcription factor K (155,280); and spoIVCA, the gene for the recombinase that generates sigK via a chromosomal rearrangement (155,235,256). In addition, E activates transcription of spoIIID, which encodes a regulator of some E -dependent genes (102).…”

Section: E Regulonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expression of both prespore-specific and mother cell-specific loci is required for engulfment. spoIID (37,228), spoIIM (271), and spoIIP (85) mutants display autolysis and membrane flexibility at the center of the spore septum but not its periphery. spoIIQ mutants display a block just prior to completion of engulfment (178).…”

Section: Initiation Of Engulfmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spoIIB gene, which is expressed in the predivisional cell (190), was initially thought to be required for engulfment and sporulation (37,228). It later became clear that it is only required in strains in which a second gene expressed in the predivisional cell, spoVG (319), has been disrupted (190).…”

Section: Initiation Of Engulfmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that E -directed genes are required to cause septal wall autolysis during engulfment (1,37,57,85,228,232,246,271,272), it seemed plausible that similar activity might enlarge a breach in the septum resulting from loss of SpoIIIE. Indeed, E -directed transcription of spoIID and spoIIP is required to disrupt compartmentalization in spoIIIE class II mutants (110).…”

Section: Disruption Of Compartmentalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compartmentalization of Gene Expression duringBacillus subtilisSpore Formation

Hilbert

Piggot

2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

320

432

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Gene expression in members of the family Bacillaceae becomes compartmentalized after the distinctive, asymmetrically located sporulation division. It involves complete compartmentalization of the activities of sporulation-specific sigma factors, σF in the prespore and then σE in the mother cell, and then later, following engulfment, σG in the prespore and then σK in the mother cell. The coupling of the activation of σF to septation and σG to engulfment is clear; the mechanisms are not. The σ factors provide the bare framework of compartment-specific gene expression. Within each σ regulon are several temporal classes of genes, and for key regulators, timing is critical. There are also complex intercompartmental regulatory signals. The determinants for σF regulation are assembled before septation, but activation follows septation. Reversal of the anti-σF activity of SpoIIAB is critical. Only the origin-proximal 30% of a chromosome is present in the prespore when first formed; it takes ≈15 min for the rest to be transferred. This transient genetic asymmetry is important for prespore-specific σF activation. Activation of σE requires σF activity and occurs by cleavage of a prosequence. It must occur rapidly to prevent the formation of a second septum. σG is formed only in the prespore. SpoIIAB can block σG activity, but SpoIIAB control does not explain why σG is activated only after engulfment. There is mother cell-specific excision of an insertion element in sigK and σE-directed transcription of sigK, which encodes pro-σK. Activation requires removal of the prosequence following a σG-directed signal from the prespore

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Section: E Regulonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Initiation Of Engulfmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Initiation Of Engulfmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disruption Of Compartmentalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compartmentalization of Gene Expression duringBacillus subtilisSpore Formation

Hilbert

Piggot

2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

320

432

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“…When oligosporogenous strains (i.e. 'leaky' spo mutants; Coote, 1972) were used as t, rescuers the results were ambiguous because of the background of spores of the rescuer strain which could have provided the necessary spore components for complementation. However, if to protoplasts of oligosporogenous strains are used, rescue can occur without the background of Osp spores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Sporulation in Fused Protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis 168

Dancer

1981

Microbiology

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Complementable spo mutants of Bacillus subtilis could be 'rescued' to form heat-resistant spores by fusing them with sporulating cells of the wild-type strain (Dancer & Mandelstam, 1981). The latter strain acted as a 'rescuer'. Rescuer protoplasts had to be derived from cells grown in a medium that allowed rapid and synchronous sporulation subsequently. Even protoplasts made from vegetative cells growing in such a medium (to protoplasts) acted as rescuers. Therefore, it was not necessary for the rescuer cells to have initiated sporulation before they were converted to protoplasts.The genetic requirement for to rescuer protoplasts was that they were spos for the gene to be complemented. Strains in the same complementation group did not rescue one another. Protoplasts of spo strains blocked at stages 0, IV and V of sporulation acted equally well as rescuers whether they were converted to protoplasts at to or t , (i.e. 3 h after transfer to sporulation medium). However, t, protoplasts of stage I1 and stage I11 mutants were much less effective rescuers than their to counterparts. This difference was not due to a dominance effect expressed only in t, protoplasts. I N T R O D U C T I O NProtoplasts of bacilli are able to complete sporulation if they are made from cells that have reached stage I11 of sporulation (completion of prespore engulfment) or beyond (Fitz-James, I9 64). Bacillus subtilis protoplasts containing forespores complete sporulation even when subjected to a fusion procedure involving treatment with 40 % (w/v) polyethyleneglycol 6000 (Dancer & Mandelstam, 198 1). This has been used to establish complementation relationships between asporogenous strains blocked at late stages of sporulation (stages 111, IV and V), i.e. the defective forespores of some strains can be 'rescued' to form heat-resistant spores by fusion with sporogenous strains or with asporogenous strains in other complementation groups.Having established that complementation by fusion was possible and that complementation groups could be distinguished, it was of interest to investigate the conditions for obtaining rescue of complementable strains and, in particular, the requirements for the 'rescuer' strain to act best in fusions. The experiments described in this paper show that t, protoplasts of complementable strains can be rescued by to protoplasts of strains in any other complementation group provided that growth took place in a sugar-free medium. Rescue was also effective when t , protoplasts of the spa+, sp00, spoW and spoV strains were used as rescuers but was poor when spoU or spolII strains were used.

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Bacillus

1989

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Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Characterization of Oligosporogenous Mutants and Comparison of Their Phenotypes with Those of Asporogenous Mutants

Cited by 106 publications

References 18 publications

Compartmentalization of Gene Expression duringBacillus subtilisSpore Formation

Compartmentalization of Gene Expression duringBacillus subtilisSpore Formation

Control of Sporulation in Fused Protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis 168

Bacillus

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