Spotlight on therapeutic efficiency of green synthesis metals and their oxide nanoparticles in periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent dental diseases, causes the loss of bone and gum tissue that hold teeth in place. Several bacteria, commonly present in clinically healthy oral cavities, may induce and perpetuate periodontitis when their concentration rises in the gingival sulcus. Antibacterial effect against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic and drug-resistant ones, has been shown for several distinct transient metal and metal oxide NPs. Therefore, NPs may be used in biomedicine to treat periodontal problems and in nanotechnology to inhibit the development of microorganisms. Instead of using harmful chemicals or energy-intensive machinery, biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been suggested. To produce metal and metal oxide NPs, the ideal technique is “Green” synthesis because of its low toxicity and safety for human health and the environment. Gold NPs (AuNPs) appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than other nanometals because their antibacterial activity is not dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). AgNPs also possess chemical stability, catalytic activity, and superior electrical and thermal conductivity, to name a few of their other advantageous characteristics. It was observed that zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and copper (Cu) NPs exhibited discernible inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively. ZnO NPs demonstrated bactericidal activity against the microorganisms responsible for periodontitis. Medications containing magnetic NPs are highly effective against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are implicated in elevating salivary peroxidase activity in individuals diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, specific metallic NPs have the potential to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of periodontitis treatments when combined. Therefore, these NPs, as well as their oxide NPs, are only some of the metals and metal oxides that have been synthesized in environmentally friendly ways and shown to have therapeutic benefits against periodontitis. Graphical Abstract

Serum 25(OH)D Levels and Mitral Valve Calcification in Patients with Severe Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis

“…On the other hand, improving the rights of patients is necessary to determine the standards of clinical services in each country (29,30). Therefore, the existence of laws supporting the rights of the patient, in accordance with the cultural and social context and derived from the views of the people who somehow receive these rights or are responsible for observing them, is the primary and basic condition to guarantee the observance and promotion of the rights of the patients (31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Certain robots and technological advancements have demonstrated their potential in enhancing human health and augmenting our medical infrastructure (36)(37)(38).…”

The potential use of nanozymes as an antibacterial agents in oral infection, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis

“…NPCs may readily breach the defenses of biological organisms due to their diminutive size. The potential applications of nanobiomedical knowledge have also been investigated, encompassing imaging, early-stage disease diagnostics, and the targeted and efficient transportation of pharmaceuticals, DNA, and therapeutic compounds to particular organs or cells [ 3 – 6 ].…”