Spray Cooling as a High-Efficient Thermal Management Solution: A Review

Yin, Jianguo; Wang, Shangming; Sang, Xuehao; Zhou, Zhifu; Chen, Bin; Romeos, Alexandros; Giannadakis, Athanasios

doi:10.3390/en15228547

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…These geometries have a common capture area. Yin et al [12] introduced the state of spray cooling for the heat dissipation of electronics by reviewing the available experimental studies.…”

Section: Spray Cooling Heat Transfer Mechansimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Hydraulics Simulation of a Water Spray System for a Cooling Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Regenerator

Davidy

2023

Dynamics

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Olefins are crucial building blocks for petrochemical industry, serving as raw materials for the production of various products such as plastics, synthetic fibers, detergents, solvents, and other chemicals. In FCC, heavy petroleum feedstocks are injected into a catalytic cracking unit, where they are mixed with a catalyst. The catalyst aids in breaking down the large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller fragments, including olefins like Propylene and Ethylene. These polymerization reactions occur at high temperatures. They demand that heat removal occurs as quickly as possible in order to control the reactor temperature and to avoid “hot spots” in the Regenerator or localized oxidation reactions (and to avoid creep rupture of the regenerator steel cladding). The cooling of the regenerator cladding surface can be achieved by impinging water droplets (spray), ejected from a spray nozzle. Spray cooling can provide uniform cooling and handle high heat fluxes in both a single phase and two phases. This research provides a thermal hydraulic design of regenerator spray cooling systems. In the framework of this research, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software was applied in order to simulate the temperature field and the water vapor mass fraction. A COMSOL Multiphysics finite element code was used in order to calculate the temperature field inside the regenerator cladding. The calculated surface temperatures and heat transfer convective coefficient, obtained using FDS software, were validated successfully against COMSOL numerical results and previous results in the literature. The numerical simulations were carried out for two cases. The first case was carried out at a distance of 0.5 m, and the second case was carried out at a distance of 0.2 m. A grid sensitivity study was carried out on the FDS model. Numerical integrations were carried out over time in order to calculate the average temperatures. The difference between these four average temperatures, calculated by applying different grids, is less than 7.4%. The calculated surface temperatures and heat transfer convective coefficient were validated successfully against COMSOL numerical results and previous research. It was shown that the calculated temperatures decrease in the second case. The water spray system managed to cool the steel wall more effectively as the water spray system approaches the steel cladding.

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“…These geometries have a common capture area. Yin et al [12] introduced the state of spray cooling for the heat dissipation of electronics by reviewing the available experimental studies.…”

Section: Spray Cooling Heat Transfer Mechansimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Hydraulics Simulation of a Water Spray System for a Cooling Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Regenerator

Davidy

2023

Dynamics

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“…Furthermore, the cooling efficiency is improved. To cool IDC in tropical areas, a new spray cooling rack [115] has been developed that can be operated stably for more than 4 h in a high-temperature environment (>35 • C), reducing the server surface temperature by a further 7 • C. Surely, spray cooling technology [119] is a recommended cooling method with a huge potential for IDC's energy conservation. Nonetheless, there are still potential risks [120] with coolant drift and evaporation, thanks to the coolant temperature being high during the spray process.…”

Section: Spray Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooling Technologies for Internet Data Center in China: Principle, Energy Efficiency, and Applications

Huang,

Yan,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Energies

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The highlighted energy consumption of Internet data center (IDC) in China has become a pressing issue with the implementation of the Chinese dual carbon strategic goal. This paper provides a comprehensive review of cooling technologies for IDC, including air cooling, free cooling, liquid cooling, thermal energy storage cooling and building envelope. Firstly, the environmental requirements for the computer room and the main energy consumption items for IDC are analyzed. The evaluation indicators and government policies for promoting green IDC are also summarized. Next, the traditional cooling technology is compared to four new cooling technologies to find effective methods to maximize energy efficiency in IDC. The results show that traditional cooling consumes a significant amount of energy and has low energy efficiency. The application of free cooling can greatly improve the energy efficiency of IDC, but its actual implementation is highly dependent on geographical and climatic conditions. Liquid cooling, on the other hand, has higher energy efficiency and lower PUE compared to other cooling technologies, especially for high heat density servers. However, it is not yet mature and its engineering application is not widespread. In addition, thermal energy storage (TES) based cooling offers higher energy efficiency but must be coupled with other cooling technologies. Energy savings can also be achieved through building envelope improvements. Considering the investment and recovery period for IDC, it is essential to seek efficient cooling solutions that are suitable for IDC and take into account factors such as IDC scale, climate conditions, maintenance requirements, etc. This paper serves as a reference for the construction and development of green IDC in China.

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“…Besides the limited experimental research on closed-loop spray cooling systems employing R410A [20], theoretical research is far behind, which necessitates the investigation of the relationship between the cooling preformation and spray characteristics. At present, there are few studies on the systematic quantitative description of liquid film velocity and height, and the cooling surface temperature distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Investigations of the Cooling Performance of an R410A Closed-Loop Spray Cooling System

Yang,

Sang,

Chen

et al. 2024

Energies

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To investigate the spray cooling characteristics and the impact of spray parameters such as chamber pressure, spray height, and spray tilt angle on heat transfer efficiency, a mathematical model based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian frame was established for an R410A closed-loop spray cooling system. The results revealed that the spray pattern is conical, with the center velocity significantly higher than the edge velocity. The temperature distribution of the cooling surface and liquid film height both exhibit a “W” shape, and the surface temperature is lower where the liquid film is thin. There is an optimal liquid film height of approximately 5 μm, at which the cooling surface temperature is the lowest. The surface temperature increases with an increase in the spray chamber pressure. Considering average cooling surface temperature, the optimal tilt angle is 40° with an average surface temperature of 330.1 K. When considering wall temperature and wall heat transfer coefficient uniformity, however, the optimal tilt angle is 10°, leading to the average surface temperature of 332.6 K. When increasing the optimal spray height to 70 mm, the average surface temperature is 313.4 K.

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Spray Cooling as a High-Efficient Thermal Management Solution: A Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 153 publications

Thermal Hydraulics Simulation of a Water Spray System for a Cooling Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Regenerator

Thermal Hydraulics Simulation of a Water Spray System for a Cooling Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Regenerator

Cooling Technologies for Internet Data Center in China: Principle, Energy Efficiency, and Applications

Numerical Investigations of the Cooling Performance of an R410A Closed-Loop Spray Cooling System

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