Spread of bla _CTX-M-14 Is Driven Mainly by IncK Plasmids Disseminated among Escherichia coli Phylogroups A, B1, and D in Spain

Abstract

Since their first description in the late 1980s, plasmid-mediated CTX-M extended-spectrum ␤-lactamases (ESBLs) have increasingly been reported worldwide in both hospital and community settings and have mainly been associated with Escherichia coli isolates, which often cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) (7,46,48,56). The CTX-M enzymes are classified into five groups on the basis of their amino acid sequences, and of these, the CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-9 clusters have been the most frequently reported worldwide (7).The CTX-M-14 enzyme is, besides CTX-M-9, the most widespread enzyme of the CTX-M-9 group. It was initially identified among Shigella clinical isolates from Korea in 1995 (45); and it is now globally disseminated, being endemic in Spain, France,

Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Escherichia coli Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in 20 Chinese Hospitals

“…It is noteworthy that in contrast to most observations from Europe and North America, the levels of resistance were equally high among both hospital-and community-ac- quired infections, indicating a very large reservoir of resistance in the community all over China. The diverse CTX-M enzymes detected in our study confirmed that the globally prevalent CTX-M-14 (22,42) and CTX-M-15 (32,37) enzymes are quite common in China, as reported previously (46). CTX-M-22, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-65 have been reported on relatively few occasions (46), but mainly from China, and all have previously been observed among food animals in China (23,25,39).…”

“…The presence of isolates of phylogroups A and B1, which have been reported as animal or human commensal E. coli strains (5,19), indicates that animals might also be a source of some of the UTI E. coli isolates observed in China (18,26). Furthermore, the observation in our study of group D and B2 bla CTX-M-14 -containing isolates, as well as group D and A bla CTX-M-15 -positive ones, differs from a previous study in Spain (42) which showed that bla CTX-M-14 was harbored mainly by E. coli isolates belonging to phylogroups A, B1, and D (42), and another study showed that bla CTX-M-15 was found mainly in isolates of phylogroups B2 and D (12).…”

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

“…These plasmids can be considered as "epidemic associated with the emergence of specific ESBL or AmpC gene variants. For instance, the IncA/C plasmids were associated with the emergence of bla CMY-2 in the USA and UK Randall et al, 2011), the IncL/M plasmids were associated to the spread of bla CTX-M-3 in European Eastern countries (Golebiewski et al, 2007), while IncK plasmids carrying bla CTX-M-14 have become diffused in Spain and UK (Cottell et al, 2011;Liebana et al, 2006;Valverde et al, 2009). …”

“…Plasmids can also be classified according to the relaxase type since relaxases have been shown to be excellent markers of plasmid backbones by systematic database analysis (GarcillanBarcia et al, 2009;Smillie et al, 2010). Typing of relaxases can help to further characterise plasmids which contain either more than one replication genes or harbour replication and conjugation genes from different plasmid origins (Antunes et al, 2010;Valverde et al, 2009). …”

“…IncK plasmids have facilitated the diffusion of bla CTX-M-14 among animals and humans from different European countries Valverde et al, 2009). They have recently found in E. coli from animals and foods carrying CMY-2 (Bergenholtz et al, 2009;Dierikx et al, 2010a).…”