Spread of Multidrug-Resistant <i>Rhodococcus equi,</i> United States

Álvarez‐Narváez, Sonsiray; Giguère, Steeve; Cohen, Noah D.; Slovis, Nathan M.; Vázquez‐Boland, José A.

doi:10.3201/eid2702.203030

Cited by 29 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…We analyzed a selection of 70 R. equi clinical strains recovered post-mortem from severe cases of foal rhodococcosis, including 15 macrolide-resistant isolates identified through erythromycin susceptibility screening (modal MIC 24/32 µg/ml, range 8-96 µg/ml) (Table 1). All erythromycin-resistant (Erm R ) isolates also showed high rifampin MICs (≥32 µg/ml), consistent with the previously reported dual Erm R /rifampin-resistant (Rif R ) phenotype of the R. equi 2287 clone (35,36). The remaining strains were erythromycin susceptible (Erm S , MIC 90 0.75/1 µg/ml, range 0.016-6 µg/ml) and included 21 Rif R isolates (MIC 90 ≥32 µg/ml) (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The latter is highly mobile and becomes stabilized in R. equi by actively transposing onto the host genome and the pVAPA virulence plasmid (35). Despite pRErm46's high conjugal transferability, erm (46) remains largely restricted to a clonal R. equi subpopulation characterized by a unique rpoB S531F mutation, presumably as a result of strong co-selection driven by the combination therapy (35,36). pRErm46 has recently been shown to also confer tetracycline resistance via a tetRA (33) determinant associated to a class 1 integron (C1I) (35) virtually identical to those found in the corynebacterial plasmid pTET3 (37).…”

Section: Take Down Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The erm( 46)-carrying multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi clone, designated 2287 (35,36), is increasingly prevalent across equine farms in the USA, is likely to spread internationally (36), and poses a substantial threat because of the lack of clinically-proven alternative antimicrobials to treat affected foals. The aim of this study was (i) to determine the genetic basis of macrolide resistance in R. equi equine isolates from Kentucky, USA, where foal rhodococcosis is endemic and MDR 2287 was first identified (31); and (ii) to assess the activity against MDR R. equi of a panel of antimicrobials used for susceptibility testing of closely related rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and nocardiae/other aerobic actinomycetes (NAA).…”

Section: Take Down Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Antimicrobial Resistance Spectrum Conferred by pRErm46 of Emerging Macrolide (Multidrug)-Resistant Rhodococcus equi

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clonal multidrug resistance recently emerged in Rhodococcus equi , complicating the therapeutic management of this difficult-to-treat animal and human pathogenic actinomycete. The currently spreading multidrug-resistant (MDR) “2287” clone arose in equine farms upon acquisition, and co-selection by mass macrolide-rifampin therapy, of the pRErm46 plasmid carrying the erm (46) macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins resistance determinant, and an rpoB S531F mutation. Here, we screened a collection of susceptible and macrolide-rifampin-resistant R. equi from equine clinical cases using a panel of 15 antimicrobials against rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), nocardiae and other aerobic actinomycetes (NAA). R. equi –including MDR isolates– was generally susceptible to linezolid, minocycline, tigecycline, amikacin and tobramycin according to Staphylococcus aureus interpretive criteria, plus imipenem, cefoxitin and ceftriaxone based on Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines for RGM/NAA. Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin were in the borderline category according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. Molecular analyses linked pRErm46 to significantly increased MICs for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline in addition to clarithromycin within the RGM/NAA panel, and to streptomycin, spectinomycin and tetracycline resistance. pRErm46 variants with spontaneous deletions in the class 1 integron (C1I) region, observed in ≈30% of erm (46)-positive isolates, indicated that the newly identified resistances were attributable to C1I’s sulfonamide ( sul1 ) and aminoglycoside ( aaA9 ) resistance cassettes and adjacent tetRA (33) determinant. Most MDR isolates carried the rpoB S531F mutation of the 2287 clone, while different rpoB mutations (S531L, S531Y) detected in two cases suggest the emergence of novel MDR R. equi strains.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Take Down Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Take Down Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Antimicrobial Resistance Spectrum Conferred by pRErm46 of Emerging Macrolide (Multidrug)-Resistant Rhodococcus equi

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Rifampin resistance in R. equi results from mutations in the beta subunit of the RNA polymerase ( rpoB ) gene, substitutions that confer rifampicin resistance were resulted in a decreased affinity for rifampicin. So far, the rifampicin resistance of R. equi has been related to rpoB gene ( Alvarez-Narvaez et al., 2021 ; Alvarez-Narvaez et al., 2021a ). However, we only predicted the RbpA gene associated with rifampicin resistance (matching region was 89%) in the four strains in this study, and not associated with phenotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Characteristics and Pan-Genome Analysis of Rhodococcus equi

Song

Huang

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rhodococcus equi is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause fatal disease in patients who are immunocompromised. At present, the epidemiology and pathogenic mechanisms of R. equi infection are not clear. This study characterized the genomes of 53 R. equi strains from different sources. Pan-genome analysis showed that all R. equi strains contained 11481 pan genes, including 3690 core genes and 602 ~ 1079 accessory genes. Functional annotation of pan genome focused on the genes related to basic lifestyle, such as the storage and expression of metabolic and genetic information. Phylogenetic analysis based on pan-genome showed that the R. equi strains were clustered into six clades, which was not directly related to the isolation location and host source. Also, a total of 84 virulence genes were predicted in 53 R. equi strains. These virulence factors can be divided into 20 categories related to substance metabolism, secreted protein and immune escape. Meanwhile, six antibiotic resistance genes (RbpA, tetA (33), erm (46), sul1, qacEdelta 1 and aadA9) were detected, and all strains carried RbpA related to rifamycin resistance. In addition, 28 plasmids were found in the 53 R. equi strains, belonging to Type-A (n = 14), Type-B (n = 8) and Type-N (n = 6), respectively. The genetic structures of the same type of plasmid were highly similar. In conclusion, R. equi strains show different genomic characteristics, virulence-related genes, potential drug resistance and virulence plasmid structures, which may be conducive to the evolution of its pathogenesis.

show abstract

“…However, recent reports of infections in companion animals appear to be more thrilling in the possible transmission and even faster increase of antimicrobial resistance. Thus, this tendency is likely to change [ 9 , 11 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhodococcus equi—Occurrence in Goats and Clinical Case Report

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Rhodococcus equi infection is commonly known in equine medicine to cause frequently fatal rhodococcosis. Infections in other species and people are also reported. Clinical manifestation in goats is relatively similar to horses and humans, but data regarding bacterium prevalence are scarce. Thus, the study aimed to estimate the occurrence of R. equi in goats. Methods: During post mortem examination, submandibular, mediastinal, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected. Standard methods were used for bacteria isolation and identification. Results: A total of 134 goats were examined, and 272 lymph node samples were collected. R. equi was isolated from four animals. All four isolates carried the choE gene, and one also had traA and pVAPN plasmid genes. Conclusions: To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first report of R. equi occurrence and genetic diversity in goats. The results may help create a model for treating rhodococcosis in other animal species and assessing the role of meat contamination as a potential source of human infection. This research should be considered a pilot study for further application of the goat as a model of R. equi infection in horses and humans.

show abstract

Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Rhodococcus equi, United States

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Antimicrobial Resistance Spectrum Conferred by pRErm46 of Emerging Macrolide (Multidrug)-Resistant Rhodococcus equi

Antimicrobial Resistance Spectrum Conferred by pRErm46 of Emerging Macrolide (Multidrug)-Resistant Rhodococcus equi

Genomic Characteristics and Pan-Genome Analysis of Rhodococcus equi

Rhodococcus equi—Occurrence in Goats and Clinical Case Report

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About