Spread of rotavirus within families: a community based study.

Grimwood, Keith; Abbott, G. D.; Fergusson, David M.; Jennings, Lance C.; Allan, Janet M.

doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6392.575

Cited by 60 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The RV seroconversion rate in both type 1 diabetic high-risk and lower-risk groups of children was similar to that generally reported in children (0.8/year) (14). In addition, the rate of concurrent RV infection in the sibling pairs was the same as that (55%) reported for intrafamilial transmission in families without type 1 diabetes (24,26). Thus, at-risk children in these type 1 diabetes families did not appear overall to be infected by RV with increased frequency.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Association between rotavirus infection and pancreatic islet autoimmunity in children at risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

et al. 2000

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Pancreatic islet autoimmunity leading to type 1 diabetes could be triggered by viruses in genetically susceptible individuals. Rotavirus (RV), the most common cause of childhood gastroenteritis, contains peptide sequences highly similar to T-cell epitopes in the islet autoantigens GAD and tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 (IA-2), suggesting T-cells to RV could trigger islet autoimmunity by molecular mimicry. We therefore sought an association between RV infection and islet autoantibody markers in children at risk for diabetes who were followed from birth. There was a specific and highly significant association between RV seroconversion and increases in any of these antibodies: 86% of antibodies to IA-2, 62% to insulin, and 50% to GAD first appeared or increased with increases in RV IgG or IgA. RV infection may therefore trigger or exacerbate islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible children. Diabetes 49:1319-1324, 2000 T ype 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic islet ␤-cells in genetically predisposed individuals. A large proportion of the lifetime risk of type 1 diabetes is attributed to environmental agents (1,2), but the only virus shown unequivocally to be responsible for clinical disease is rubella following infection in utero of infants bearing the HLA haplotype B8-(DR3-DQ2) (3). Circulating insulin autoantibodies (IAA), GAD65 antibodies (GADAb), and tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 autoantibodies (IA-2Ab) are markers of islet autoimmunity that predict the T-cell-mediated destruction of ␤-cells (4-6). Peptides in these islet autoantigens that are recognized by T-cells may provide clues to environmental agents that trigger or exacerbate islet autoimmunity through the mechanism of molecular mimicry (7,8).Recently, we identified T-cell epitope peptides in tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 (IA-2) restricted by HLA-DR4 in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes (9,10). The dominant epitope (amino acid [aa] 805-820) contains a core 9-aa sequence in which 5 aa are identical and 4 aa are homologous with a 9-aa sequence (aa 41-49) within virus protein (VP)7 of rotavirus (RV) serotype G3 and to a lesser extent in the G1 and G2 serotypes. Because the T-cell contact residues in these similar IA-2 and RV VP7 sequences appear to be identical (9), the potential exists for molecular mimicry. Furthermore, just NH 2 -terminal of this region in VP7 is a 12-aa sequence (11) strongly similar to a sequence in GAD65 (aa 117-128) (9) that is a T-cell epitope in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice (12) and DR4-DQ8 homozygous at-risk humans (13). All human RV serotypes in the GenBank database contain the GAD-related sequence. VP7, the major outer capsid protein of RV, is an important determinant of virulence and induces virus-neutralizing antibodies (14). However, elimination of RV infection is predominantly due to T-cells (15). The CD4 T-cell epitopes in VP7 are unknown, but in C57/Bl 6 and BALB/c mice, CD8 T-cell epitopes (15,16) map adjacent to the IA-2-and GAD-like sequences, confirming that this signal sequenc...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Association between rotavirus infection and pancreatic islet autoimmunity in children at risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

et al. 2000

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“…In addition, we did not include asymptomatic and mild cases in our calculation of the infection-rate parameter. The majority of household transmission studies have suggested that symptomatic individuals are more infectious and important in transmission than incubating or asymptomatically infected individuals (Haug et al 1978;Rodriguez et al 1979;Grimwood et al 1983;Banerjee et al 2008). Therefore, we feel that not accounting for asymptomatic and mild cases in our calculation of the infection-rate parameter was justified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands

et al. 2009

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In Europe, rotavirus gastroenteritis peaks in late winter or early spring suggesting a role for weather factors in transmission of the virus. In this study, multivariate regression models adapted for time-series data were used to investigate effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on reported rotavirus infections and the infection-rate parameter, a derived measure of infection transmission that takes into account population immunity, in England, Wales, Scotland and The Netherlands. Delayed effects of weather were investigated by introducing lagged weather terms into the model. Meta-regression was used to pool together country-specific estimates. There was a 13 per cent (95% confidence interval (CI), 11 -15%) decrease in reported infections per 18C increase in temperature above a threshold of 58C and a 4 per cent (95% CI, 3 -5%) decrease in the infection-rate parameter per 18C increase in temperature across the whole temperature range. The effect of temperature was immediate for the infection-rate parameter but delayed by up to four weeks for reported infections. There was no overall effect of humidity or rainfall. There is a direct and simple relationship between cold weather and rotavirus transmission in Great Britain and The Netherlands. The more complex and delayed temperature effect on disease incidence is likely to be mediated through the effects of weather on transmission.

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“…Moreover, we consider the case in which individuals can be infected due to external sources, which is an addition to the classic SIR setting. We provide here efficient procedures to analyse conveniently defined stochastic descriptors for the epidemic spread, being applicable in the relevant situation where N is small, which is the case in problems such as the epidemic spread throughout the members of a family [9,17] or among the patients within an intensive care unit [4,11,14,28]. Although results developed in this paper are, theoretically, valid regardless the value of N , the computational nature of our procedures makes unfeasible their application once N exceeds small values (see Section 5 and Appendix C), and their interest beyond these values should be considered strictly mathematical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic descriptors in an SIR epidemic model for heterogeneous individuals in small networks

López‐García

2016

Mathematical Biosciences

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We continue here the work initiated in [13], and analyse an SIR epidemic model for the spread of an epidemic among the members of a small population of N individuals, defined in terms of a continuous-time Markov chain X . We propose a structure by levels and sub-levels of the state space of the process X , and present two different orders, Orders A and B, for states within each sub-level, which are related to a matrix and a scalar formalism, respectively, when developing our analysis. Stochastic descriptors regarding the length and size of an outbreak, the maximum number of individuals simultaneously infected during an outbreak, the fate of a particular individual within the population, and the number of secondary cases caused by a certain individual until he recovers, are deeply analysed. Our approach is illustrated by carrying out a set of numerical results regarding the spread of the nosocomial pathogen Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus among the patients within an intensive care unit. In this application, our interest is in analysing the effectiveness of control strategies (the isolation of the patient initiating the outbreak and the proper room configuration of the intensive care unit) that intrinsically introduce heterogeneities among the members of the population.Keywords Continuous-time Markov chain · Maximum number of infected individuals · Length and size of an outbreak · Individual fate · Nosocomial infections

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Spread of rotavirus within families: a community based study.

Cited by 60 publications

References 9 publications

Association between rotavirus infection and pancreatic islet autoimmunity in children at risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

Association between rotavirus infection and pancreatic islet autoimmunity in children at risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands

Stochastic descriptors in an SIR epidemic model for heterogeneous individuals in small networks

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