Spread spectrum audio watermarking using frequency hopping and attack characterization

Cvejic, Nedeljko; Seppänen, Tapio

doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.10.016

Cited by 57 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…As for our scheme, the payload, with 4 bits per frame, is $ 187 bps. This is a comparatively high capacity when compared to audio watermarking schemes described in [15,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]51]. The payload capacity of the scheme can be improved by embedding more than 4 bits in each frame by modifying more elements in the second column of U.…”

Section: Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A robust audio watermarking scheme based on reduced singular value decomposition and distortion removal

2011

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a b s t r a c tThis paper presents a blind audio watermarking algorithm based on the reduced singular value decomposition (RSVD). A new observation on one of the resulting unitary matrices is uncovered. The proposed scheme manipulates coefficients based on this observation in order to embed watermark bits. To preserve audio fidelity a thresholdbased distortion control technique is applied and this is further supplemented by distortion suppression utilizing psychoacoustic principles. Test results on real music signals show that this watermarking scheme is in the range of imperceptibility for human hearing, is accurate and also robust against MP3 compression at various bit rates as well as other selected attacks. The data payload is comparatively high compared to existing audio watermarking schemes.

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Section: Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A robust audio watermarking scheme based on reduced singular value decomposition and distortion removal

2011

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“…Bassia et al proposed to adopt the spread spectrum technique in the time domain [23] for watermarking. Cvejic and Seppänen developed a spread spectrum-based algorithm in the frequency domain to improve robustness against low pass filtering and compression [24]. Tachibana et al [18] as well as Kirovski and Malvar [25] proposed spread spectrum-based algorithms in the time-frequency space for further improving robustness against various attacks on WSs.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Positioning System Using Digital Audio Watermarking

Nakashima

Kaneto

Babaguchi

2011

IEICE Trans. Inf. & Syst.

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SUMMARYRecently, a number of location-based services such as navigation and mobile advertising have been proposed. Such services require real-time user positions. Since a global positioning system (GPS), which is one of the most well-known techniques for real-time positioning, is unsuitable for indoor uses due to unavailability of GPS signals, many indoor positioning systems (IPSs) using WLAN, radio frequency identification tags, and so forth have been proposed. However, most of them suffer from high installation costs. In this paper, we propose a novel IPS for real-time positioning that utilizes a digital audio watermarking technique. The proposed IPS first embeds watermarks into an audio signal to generate watermarked signals, each of which is then emitted from a corresponding speaker installed in a target environment. A user of the proposed IPS receives the watermarked signals with a mobile device equipped with a microphone, and the watermarks are detected in the received signal. For positioning, we model various effects upon watermarks due to propagation in the air, i.e., delays, attenuation, and diffraction. The model enables the proposed IPS to accurately locate the user based on the watermarks detected in the received signal. The proposed IPS can be easily deployed with a low installation cost because the IPS can work with off-the-shelf speakers that have been already installed in most of the indoor environments such as department stores, amusement arcades, and airports. We experimentally evaluate the accuracy of positioning and show that the proposed IPS locates the user in a 6 m by 7.5 m room with root mean squared error of 2.25 m on average. The results also demonstrate the potential capability of real-time positioning with the proposed IPS. key words: indoor positioning system, real-time, digital audio watermarking, particle filter

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“…The actual message bits are embedded in FFT-domain using the modification of the algorithm described in [14], in which frequency hopping (FH) signalization is used on a variable set of the amplitudes of fast Fourier transformation (FFT) coefficients. The modifications of the amplitudes caused by watermark embedding are adapted to the human auditory system.…”

Section: A General Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

Watermark-enabled value added services to broadcast audio

Loytynoja

Keskinarkaus

Cvejic

et al. 2008

2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies

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Abstract-Digital watermarking is a method for embedding secret data into digital signals. We present a novel service that uses watermarking to add metadata into radio broadcast music. A user can record the music with a mobile phone from radio loudspeakers and extract the watermark. The watermark can contain, for example value adding metadata about the song or a link to an external server that can provide the user a possibility to buy a CD with the song in question, or a ticket to the artist's next concert. This solution offers a new channel for mobile commerce. The method is tested against sampling rate changes and DA/AD conversion in noisy environment, where the audio is played through loudspeakers and recorded using a mobile phone. The success ratio of the message extraction was 83 % in the experiments, while the subjective quality was graded on average as perceptible but not annoying. IndexTerms-audio watermarking, multiple watermarking, frequency hopping, spread spectrum, DA/AD

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Spread spectrum audio watermarking using frequency hopping and attack characterization

Cited by 57 publications

References 8 publications

A robust audio watermarking scheme based on reduced singular value decomposition and distortion removal

A robust audio watermarking scheme based on reduced singular value decomposition and distortion removal

Indoor Positioning System Using Digital Audio Watermarking

Watermark-enabled value added services to broadcast audio

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