Spreading the news: subcellular and organellar reactive oxygen species production and signalling

Abstract

As plants are sessile organisms that have to attune their physiology and morphology continuously to varying environmental challenges in order to survive and reproduce, they have evolved complex and integrated environment-cell, cell-cell, and cell-organelle signalling circuits that regulate and trigger the required adjustments (such as alteration of gene expression). Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential components of this network, their pathways are not yet completely unravelled. In addition to the intrinsic chemical properties that define the array of interaction partners, mobility, and stability, ROS signalling specificity is obtained via the spatiotemporal control of production and scavenging at different organellar and subcellular locations (e.g. chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and apoplast). Furthermore, these cellular compartments may crosstalk to relay and further fine-tune the ROS message. Hence, plant cells might locally and systemically react upon environmental or developmental challenges by generating spatiotemporally controlled dosages of certain ROS types, each with specific chemical properties and interaction targets, that are influenced by interorganellar communication and by the subcellular location and distribution of the involved organelles, to trigger the suitable acclimation responses in association with other well-established cellular signalling components (e.g. reactive nitrogen species, phytohormones, and calcium ions). Further characterization of this comprehensive ROS signalling matrix may result in the identification of new targets and key regulators of ROS signalling, which might be excellent candidates for engineering or breeding stress-tolerant plants.

ROS, Calcium, and Electric Signals: Key Mediators of Rapid Systemic Signaling in Plants

“…Thus, genes such as LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2, and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 were shown to play important roles in the simultaneous regulation of SAA via ROSand salicylic acid-dependent pathways Szechy nska-Hebda et al, 2010;Wituszy nska et al, 2013;Gawro nski et al, 2014;for review, see Karpi nski et al, 2013;Mignolet-Spruyt et al, 2016). In addition, PHOTOSYSTEM II SUBUNIT S-dependent local and systemic wave-like regulation of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and chlorophyll fluorescence decay time, important dissipation and quenching mechanisms of light absorbed in excess, were also proposed to be dependent on ROS and salicylic acid signaling during SAA (Szechy nska- Hebda et al, 2010;Gawro nski et al, 2013Gawro nski et al, , 2014Ciszak et al, 2015;Fig.…”

“…2). Although a possible cross talk between ROS and retrograde signaling involving some of the genes indicated above has been proposed, and could explain how the systemic signal is integrated with redox and photosynthesis/respiration control, further studies are required to uncover how these pathways and the RBOHD-dependent ROS wave are coordinated during SAA and possibly SAR (for review, see Mignolet-Spruyt et al, 2016). For example, it is not clear if retrograde signaling functions downstream to rapid systemic signaling, or whether it is directly involved in attenuating or amplifying the signal.…”

Production and Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Signaling during Leaf and Flower Senescence: Similar But Different

“…, and OH$, are molecules that are considered to be both signaling and potentially damaging molecules (Mittler et al, 2004). Antioxidants, such as ascorbate, glutathione, carotenoids, and tocopherols, as well as enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins, and glutathione peroxidase, play essential roles in ROSscavenging mechanisms (Apel and Hirt, 2004;Dietz, 2011 Mignolet-Spruyt et al, 2016). A loss of redox control ultimately leads to cell death, but we know that the cell death associated with senescence is tightly regulated.…”

“…The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants has emerged in the last two decades as a key research topic mainly due to the recent achievements in this field demonstrating that ROS can play a role in signaling (for review, see Foyer and Noctor, 2013;Munné-Bosch et al, 2013;Mignolet-Spruyt et al, 2016). ROS play a dual role in plants, both as key regulators of growth, development, and defense pathways and as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism (Mittler et al, 2004).…”

Structure Annotation and Quantification of Wheat Seed Oxidized Lipids by High-Resolution LC-MS/MS

“…The accumulation of these compounds leads to the phenomenon commonly referred to as oxidative stress in microbes and plant and animal tissues. ROS play a role in the attack against microbial pathogens by host cells (Imlay, 2013), time-dependent death of dormant seeds (Lee et al, 2010), human diseases (Coyle and Puttfarcken, 1993;Giugliano et al, 1996), in aging (Sohal and Weindruch, 1996;Sohal et al, 2002), and in signaling processes (Gilroy et al, 2016;Mignolet-Spruyt et al, 2016) Unlike oxidized fatty acids (FAs), oxidized lipids are hardly available commercially. Targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of oxidized lipids using authentic standards is not very common (Hui et al, 2010;Ravandi et al, 2014).…”