Spring-back of Thick Uni-Directional Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Laminate for Aircraft Structure Application

Zakaria, Muhammad Razlan; Aminanda, Yulfian; Rashidi, Samira; Sah, M A Mat

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1005/1/012003

Cited by 4 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…When the part angle or the tool angle was smaller, larger residual stresses were created and the spring-in angle was larger [ 23 ]. Instead of the spring-in angle, Zakaria et al [ 24 ] found that the spring-back value from 1.28° to 2.73° was inversely related to the part angle from 30° to 90° with different thicknesses and specimen sizes. Both papers showed that the angle deviation became larger as the part angle became smaller.…”

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ersoy et al [ 27 ] indicated that as the thickness of C-sections made of unidirectional lay-ups was increased from 1 to 4 mm, the measured spring-in angles were decreased from 1.03° to 0.66°, which were expressed on the base of a 90° angle. In particular, Zakaria et al [ 24 ] indicated that spring-back behavior was found for a 90° curved laminate and decreased with an increment of the part thickness. These studies showed that the angle deviation was reduced with the increase in the part thickness.…”

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the effect of the corner radius, Bellini et al [ 30 ] observed that when the corner radius of a U-shaped part was changed from 5 mm to 10 mm, the spring-in value was changed from 2.24° to 2.27°, indicating no obvious effect [ 29 ]. For the flange size of a 90-degree curved part, Zakaria et al [ 24 ] changed it from 300 × 300 mm to 500 × 500 mm and the spring-back value was increased from 1.37° to 1.69°. Albert et al [ 7 ] concluded that the spring-in angle increased when increasing the flange length.…”

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The warpage of flat laminates after manufacturing has been intensively investigated in the literature [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 21 , 22 ], while the studies on the angle deviation of angular composite products are few. In addition, some results indicated spring-in behavior, while others showed the spring-back phenomenon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

Hwang

2023

Materials

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After manufacturing, fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates may have residual stresses, resulting in warpage in flat structures and angle changes in angular sections. These shape distortions may cause fitting mismatch problems under high-level assembly, and extra efforts to fix these problems may be needed. The present paper only makes an overview of the angle deviation of angular composite laminates made of either thermoset matrix with autoclave curing or thermoplastic matrix with thermoforming. Depending on the positive or negative angle deviation, spring-back or spring-in behavior is observed. There are many parameters, including intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, that could affect the angle deviation. In the first part of this review paper, experimental results concerning the effects of the part angle, part thickness, lay-up sequence, corner angle, flange size, tool material, tool surface, and cure cycle are summarized. Spring-in angles are generally obtained in this part. In the second part, several prediction methods, such as simple equations and finite element methods, are compared to indicate the considered parameters. Some have good agreement and some have larger errors. The crucial differences may be dependent on the micromechanical theories and the input properties of the composite and the constituents.

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Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

Hwang

2023

Materials

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“…The wear of parts in remanufacturing, or non-critical warping of parts in moulded-part manufacturing such as spring-back [2] means that the part does not necessarily match the available CAD model. For legacy parts or the inspection of free-form surfaces autonomously, there may be no CAD model available for path planning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous, Digital-Twin Free Path Planning and Deployment for Robotic NDT: Introducing LPAS: Locate, Plan, Approach, Scan Using Low Cost Vision Sensors

et al. 2022

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Robotised Non Destructive Testing (NDT) presents multifaceted advantages, saving time and reducing repetitive manual workloads for highly skilled Ultrasonic Testing (UT) operators. Due to the requisite accuracy and reliability of the field, robotic NDT has traditionally relied on digital twins for complex path planning procedures enabling precise deployment of NDT equipment. This paper presents a multi-scale and collision-free path planning and implementation methodology enabling rapid deployment of robotised NDT with commercially available sensors. Novel algorithms are developed to plan paths over noisy and incomplete point clouds from low-cost sensors without the need for surface primitives. Further novelty is introduced in online path corrections utilising laser and force feedback while applying a Conformable-Wedge probe UT sensor. Finally, a novel source of data beneficial to automated NDT is introduced by collecting frictional forces of the surface informing the operator of the surface preparation quality. The culmination of this work is a new path-planning free, single-shot automated process removing the need for complex operator-driven procedures with a known surface, visualising collected data for the operator as a three-dimensional C-scan model. The dynamic robotic control enables a move to the industry 4.0 model of adaptive online path planning. Experimental results indicate the flexible and streamlined pipeline for robotic deployment, and demonstrate intuitive data visualisation to aid highly skilled operators in a wide field of industries.

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Profile tracking for multi-axis ultrasonic inspection of model-unknown free-form surfaces based on energy concentration

et al. 2021

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Spring-back of Thick Uni-Directional Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Laminate for Aircraft Structure Application

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

Autonomous, Digital-Twin Free Path Planning and Deployment for Robotic NDT: Introducing LPAS: Locate, Plan, Approach, Scan Using Low Cost Vision Sensors

Profile tracking for multi-axis ultrasonic inspection of model-unknown free-form surfaces based on energy concentration

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