Spring Mass Characteristics of the Fastest Men on Earth

Taylor, Matt; Beneke, Ralph

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1324404

Cited by 21 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Medium curve (UB) is the distance covered by Usain Bolt during the first 6 s of his current 100-m world record (from the data reported by Taylor and Beneke (2012) and Hernandez Gomez et al (2013)). Upper curve and lower curves are the distances that Usain Bolt or an MLS could cover with the same metabolic power as in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The energy cost of sprint running and the role of metabolic power in setting top performances

2014

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body mass) was ≈20 % larger, and its angle of application in respect to the horizontal ≈10° smaller, for Bolt, as compared to MLS. Finally, we estimated that, on a 10 % downsloping track Bolt could cover 100 m in 8.2 s. Conclusions The above approach can yield useful information on the bioenergetics and biomechanics of accelerated/decelerated running.Keywords Acceleration · Deceleration · Metabolic power · Mechanical power · Soccer energy expenditure Abbreviations a(t)Acceleration at time t a f Forward acceleration aLaAlactic oxygen debt C 0 Energy cost of running at constant speed on flat terrain (J kg −1 m −1 ) COMCentre of mass C r Energy cost of running (J kg −1 m −1 ) C sr Energy cost of sprint running (J kg −1 m −1 ) Ean Anaerobic energy ED Equivalent distance: distance covered running at constant speed on flat terrain, for a given energy expenditure EDI Equivalent Distance Index: ratio between ED and actual distance covered EM Equivalent body mass ES Equivalent slope = tan (90 − α) F Force F acc Force acting on the subject during accelerated running: M g′ F cost Force acting on the subject during constant speed running: M g gAcceleration of gravity g′ Vectorial sum of af and g: g ′ = a 2 f + g 2 AbstractPurpose To estimate the energetics and biomechanics of accelerated/decelerated running on flat terrain based on its biomechanical similarity to constant speed running up/ down an 'equivalent slope' dictated by the forward acceleration (a f ).Methods Time course of a f allows one to estimate: (1) energy cost of sprint running (C sr ), from the known energy cost of uphill/downhill running, and (2) instantaneous (specific) mechanical accelerating power (P sp = a f × speed).Results In medium-level sprinters (MLS), C sr and metabolic power requirement (P met = C sr × speed) at the onset of a 100-m dash attain ≈50 J kg −1 m −1 , as compared to ≈4 for running at constant speed, and ≈90 W kg −1 . For Bolt's current 100-m world record (9.58 s) the corresponding values attain ≈105 J kg −1 m −1 and ≈200 W kg −1 . This approach, as applied by Osgnach et al. (Med Sci Sports Exerc 42:170-178, 2010) to data obtained by video-analysis during soccer games, has been implemented in portable GPS devices (GPEXE © ), thus yielding P met throughout the match. Actual O 2 consumed, estimated from P met assuming a monoexponential VO 2 response (Patent Pending, TV2014A000074), was close to that determined by portable metabolic carts. Peak P sp (W kg −1 ) was 17.5 and 19.6 for MLS and elite soccer players, and 30 for Bolt. The ratio of horizontal to overall ground reaction force (per kg Communicated by

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Section: Fig 13mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…standard deviations (SD) on 12 medium-level sprinters (from diPrampero et al 2005) and on Usain Bolt, as obtained from the speed profile reported byTaylor and Beneke (2012) andHernan- dez Gomez et al (2013). See text andFig.…”

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The energy cost of sprint running and the role of metabolic power in setting top performances

2014

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“…Their specific muscular, physiological, and biomechanical features have frequently been investigated as they are considered the fastest human runners on Earth (Ben Sira et al., ; Slawinski et al., ). Regarding world‐class sprinters in particular, their 100‐m race characteristics have been systematically described in official events such as World Championships or summer Olympic Games (Taylor & Beneke, ; Krzysztof & Mero, ). Such an approach has the obvious advantage of allowing the characterization of the best 100‐m performance ever and the few fastest men who present at the given time an extreme motivation and theoretically optimal technique and physical shape.…”

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Sprint mechanics in world‐class athletes: a new insight into the limits of human locomotion

Rabita

Dorel

Slawinski

et al. 2015

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

314

430

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The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanics of maximal running sprint acceleration in high-level athletes. Four elite (100-m best time 9.95-10.29 s) and five sub-elite (10.40-10.60 s) sprinters performed seven sprints in overground conditions. A single virtual 40-m sprint was reconstructed and kinetics parameters were calculated for each step using a force platform system and video analyses. Anteroposterior force (FY), power (PY), and the ratio of the horizontal force component to the resultant (total) force (RF, which reflects the orientation of the resultant ground reaction force for each support phase) were computed as a function of velocity (V). FY-V, RF-V, and PY-V relationships were well described by significant linear (mean R(2) of 0.892 ± 0.049 and 0.950 ± 0.023) and quadratic (mean R(2) = 0.732 ± 0.114) models, respectively. The current study allows a better understanding of the mechanics of the sprint acceleration notably by modeling the relationships between the forward velocity and the main mechanical key variables of the sprint. As these findings partly concern world-class sprinters tested in overground conditions, they give new insights into some aspects of the biomechanical limits of human locomotion.

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“…In addition to the studies they cite, we suggest considering the following studies about joint, vertical or leg stiffness during jumping [11], sprinting [12,13] or repeated sprint running [14][15][16]. Research into how vertical or leg stiffness are altered with fatigue during or after short-(i.e.…”

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Lower Limb Mechanical Properties: Significant References Omitted

Morin¹,

Girard²,

Slawinski³

et al. 2012

Sports Med

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International audienceWe read with attention the recent narrative literature review by Pearson and McMahon [1]. We were very surprised and quite disappointed by the amount of relevant literature omitted by the authors on lower limb mechanical properties and, specifically, how ‘limb stiffness’ could affect performance and risk of injury. Although this review focuses on muscle-tendon unit (MTU) stiffness, the more global vertical, leg and joint stiffness (i.e. referred to as limb stiffness, collectively) are also reviewed, as the authors assume that limb stiffness is primarily controlled by MTU stiffness

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Spring Mass Characteristics of the Fastest Men on Earth

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

The energy cost of sprint running and the role of metabolic power in setting top performances

The energy cost of sprint running and the role of metabolic power in setting top performances

Sprint mechanics in world‐class athletes: a new insight into the limits of human locomotion

Lower Limb Mechanical Properties: Significant References Omitted

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