Sputtered rear electrode with broadband transparency for perovskite solar cells

Environmental stability of high-mobility indium-oxide based transparent electrodes

“…4 By adding an ultrathin ITO capping layer on the IO:H film before metallization-so called IO:H/ITO bilayers-a combination of high µ e and low R s is achieved, improving the performance of such solar cells. 4 Recently, we have further confirmed the importance of high mobility TCOs in SHJ technology by demonstrating amorphous Zn-doped In 2 O 3 (IZO) as a front contact in SHJ 5 and perovskite-SHJ tandem solar cells 6 since IZO equally combines high conductivity, high mobility, and high optical broadband transmittance, allowing the improvement in J sc with respect to those with ITO. 5 These front TCO films "cap" the actual solar cell and can be subject to moisture ingress through the encapsulation polymer in the final photovoltaic module.…”

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

“…[129] The application of IZO in solar cells has been demonstrated in SHJ [111] and perovskite solar cells. [130] A particularly attractive feature of all indium-oxide-based electrodes (including ITO) is the fact that their refractive index is close to 2. This is approximately the geometric mean of the refractive indices of air and typical solar cell absorbers (such as silicon), which gives these materials very good anti-reflective coating (ARC) properties.…”

“…Such TCOs have demonstrated their value in SHJ and perovskite solar cell fabrication. [111,130] As mentioned earlier, gentle deposition on underlying layers can also be a critical factor in electrode choice and raises questions about the use of well-established physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, such as sputtering or pulsed laser deposition for certain applications. Sputter damage, caused by UV radiation and particle bombardment, is a known phenomenon in organic, [16] SHJ, [15] and perovskite [169] solar cells as well as flexible displays.…”

Efficient Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Transparent Silver Electrode and Four-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Device Exploration

“…Simultaneously, the Si solar cells have dominated the photovoltaic markets for a long time, and the PCE record of the single-junction Si solar cell has reached 26.6% [8], but the relatively high manufactur-ing cost limits their wider applications. In recent years, the perovskite/Si tandem solar cells [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] have attracted increasing interest as they possess great commercial possibility in fabricating high-performance solar cells via the cost-effective pathway.…”

“…For the four-terminal perovskite/ Si devices assembled by a perovskite top cell and Si bottom cell, many efforts were dedicated to search for an appropriate transparent electrode to replace the opaque metal rear contact normally used in PSCs. In most reports [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], the sputtered transparent-conductive-oxide (especially ITO) rear electrode has been commonly used, and the record overall efficiency of 26.4% has been achieved in the four-terminal devices with the perovskite top cell using the ITO/Au-finger electrode [18]. However, the sputtered ITO without postannealing (>200°C) treatment usually shows the suboptimal conductivity, and the high kinetic energy of sputtered particles tends to damage the underlying spiro-OMeTAD or fullerene layers [19]; thus, it is essential to increase the thickness (or add the finger electrodes) to compensate the resistive loss and deposit the buffer layer to protect the organic charge transport layers [18,20].…”