Sputtered transparent electrodes for optoelectronic devices: Induced damage and mitigation strategies

Aydın, Erkan; Altinkaya, Cesur; Smirnov, Yury; Yaqin, Ainul; Zanoni, Kassio P. S.; Paliwal, Abhyuday; Firdaus, Yuliar; Allen, Thomas G.; Anthopoulos, Thomas D.; Bolink, Henk J.; Morales‐Masis, Monica; Wolf, Stefaan De

doi:10.1016/j.matt.2021.09.021

Cited by 76 publications

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“…A wider choice of working pressures for PLD, as compared to sputtering, enables more efficient thermalization of energetic particles 12 which is advantageous for damage mitigation. A more elaborated discussion of the origins and strategies to alleviate the plasma-induced effects was recently reviewed by Aydin et al 6 In this work Sn-doped In 2 O 3 (ITO) films grown using waferscale PLD at different deposition pressures but with the same sheet resistance (R sh ) are implemented as both the front electrode and rear electrode in SHJ solar cells. To compare the effects of deposition pressure on other sensitive contact layers, buffer-free semi-transparent perovskite cells (ST-PSC) were fabricated with the same rear PLD ITO electrodes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Wafer-scale pulsed laser deposition of ITO for solar cells: reduced damage vs. interfacial resistance

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confidence: 99%

Wafer-scale pulsed laser deposition of ITO for solar cells: reduced damage vs. interfacial resistance

et al. 2022

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“…The magnified STEM images and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy mapping clearly outline the perovskite/MgF x /C 60 /SnO 2 /IZO top contact structure, identifying the presence of a ~15-nm C 60 layer and a ~20-nm SnO 2 layer. The latter acts as a buffer against damage from sputtering of the indium zinc oxide (IZO) transparent top electrode ( 28 ). We note that after perovskite deposition, all subsequently deposited films were obtained by vapor deposition techniques that yield highly accurate and reproducible layer thicknesses.…”

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Efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through contact displacement by MgF _x

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Aydın

et al. 2022

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The performance of perovskite solar cells with inverted polarity ( p-i-n ) is still limited by recombination at their electron extraction interface, which also lowers the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of p-i-n perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. A ~1 nm thick MgF x interlayer at the perovskite/C 60 interface through thermal evaporation favorably adjusts the surface energy of the perovskite layer, facilitating efficient electron extraction, and displaces C 60 from the perovskite surface to mitigate nonradiative recombination. These effects enable a champion V oc of 1.92 volts, an improved fill factor of 80.7%, and an independently certified stabilized PCE of 29.3% for a ~1 cm 2 monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell. The tandem retained ~95% of its initial performance following damp-heat testing (85 Celsius at 85% relative humidity) for > 1000 hours.

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“…The uniform coverage over the pyramids, either on the facets or in the valleys, is notable for solution-processable contacts made of 2D flakes, which is rarely achieved with solution-based techniques. 48 …”

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confidence: 99%

Scaled Deposition of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene on Complex Surfaces: Application Assessment as Rear Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

et al. 2022

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Two-dimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes) are of great interest as electrode materials for a variety of applications, including solar cells, due to their tunable optoelectronic properties, high metallic conductivity, and attractive solution processability. However, thus far, MXene electrodes have only been exploited for lab-scale device applications. Here, to demonstrate the potential of MXene electrodes at an industry-relevant level, we implemented a scalable spray coating technique to deposit highly conductive ( ca . 8000 S/cm, at a ca . 55 nm thickness) Ti 3 C 2 T x films ( T x : surface functional groups, i . e ., −OH, −O, −F) via an automated spray system. We employed these Ti 3 C 2 T x films as rear electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cells as a proof of concept. The spray-deposited MXene flakes have formed a conformal coating on top of the indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated random pyramidal textured silicon wafers, leading to >20% power conversion efficiency (PCE) over both medium-sized (4.2 cm 2 ) and large (243 cm 2 , i . e ., industry-sized 6 in. pseudosquare wafers) cell areas. Notably, the Ti 3 C 2 T x -rear-contacted devices have retained around 99% of their initial PCE for more than 600 days of ambient air storage. Their performance is comparable with state-of-the-art solar cells contacted with sputtered silver electrodes. Our findings demonstrate the high-throughput potential of spray-coated MXene-based electrodes for solar cells in addition to a wider variety of electronic device applications.

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Sputtered transparent electrodes for optoelectronic devices: Induced damage and mitigation strategies

Cited by 76 publications

References 201 publications

Wafer-scale pulsed laser deposition of ITO for solar cells: reduced damage vs. interfacial resistance

Wafer-scale pulsed laser deposition of ITO for solar cells: reduced damage vs. interfacial resistance

Efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through contact displacement by MgF _x

Scaled Deposition of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene on Complex Surfaces: Application Assessment as Rear Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

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Sputtered transparent electrodes for optoelectronic devices: Induced damage and mitigation strategies

Cited by 76 publications

References 201 publications

Wafer-scale pulsed laser deposition of ITO for solar cells: reduced damage vs. interfacial resistance

Wafer-scale pulsed laser deposition of ITO for solar cells: reduced damage vs. interfacial resistance

Efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through contact displacement by MgF x

Scaled Deposition of Ti3C2Tx MXene on Complex Surfaces: Application Assessment as Rear Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

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Product

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About

Efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through contact displacement by MgF _x

Scaled Deposition of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene on Complex Surfaces: Application Assessment as Rear Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells