Squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva: A diagnostic enigma

Bharanidharan, R; Dineshkumar, Thayalan; Karthik, R; Kumar, A Ramesh

doi:10.4103/0973-029x.164558

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Gingival squamous cell carcinoma may mimic other oral lesions affecting the periodontium, most of which are reactive or inflammatory in nature. [79][80][81]…”

Section: Squamous Cell Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases

Holmstrup

Plemons

Meyle

2018

J Clinic Periodontology

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While plaque-induced gingivitis is one of the most common human inflammatory diseases, several non-plaque-induced gingival diseases are less common but often of major significance for patients. The non-plaque-induced gingival lesions are often manifestations of systemic conditions, but they may also represent pathologic changes limited to gingival tissues. A classification is proposed, based on the etiology of the lesions and includes: Genetic/Developmental disorders; Specific infections; Inflammatory and immune conditions and lesions; Reactive processes; Neoplasms; Endocrine, Nutritional and metabolic diseases; Traumatic lesions; and Gingival pigmentation.

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“…Gingival squamous cell carcinoma may mimic other oral lesions affecting the periodontium, most of which are reactive or inflammatory in nature. [79][80][81]…”

Section: Squamous Cell Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases

Holmstrup

Plemons

Meyle

2018

J Clinic Periodontology

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“…Despite advances in diagnostic technology and treatment strategy, the prognosis of OSCC remains poor, especially in late stage. More than 60% of patients with OSCC have late-stage disease (stage III or IV) resulting from the difficult diagnosis, especially gingival squamous cell carcinomas (GSCC), which pretend as benign disease both clinically and histologically [4][5][6]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover effective strategies for the treatment of human GSCC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZnO Nanoparticles Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Mitochondrial Dysfunction and p70S6K Signaling Pathway

Wang

Lee

Lin

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are increasingly used in sunscreens, food additives, pigments, rubber manufacture, and electronic materials. Several studies have shown that ZnO-NPs inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis by the production of oxidative stress in a variety of human cancer cells. However, the anti-cancer property and molecular mechanism of ZnO-NPs in human gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) are not fully understood. In this study, we found that ZnO-NPs induced growth inhibition of GSCC (Ca9-22 and OECM-1 cells), but no damage in human normal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1 cells). ZnO-NPs caused apoptotic cell death of GSCC in a concentration-dependent manner by the quantitative assessment of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle progression revealed that sub-G1 phase accumulation was dramatically induced by ZnO-NPs. In addition, ZnO-NPs increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species and specifically superoxide levels, and also decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. ZnO-NPs further activated apoptotic cell death via the caspase cascades. Importantly, anti-oxidant and caspase inhibitor clearly prevented ZnO-NP-induced cell death, indicating the fact that superoxide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the ZnO-NP-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis in human GSCC. Moreover, ZnO-NPs significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K kinase). In a corollary in vivo study, our results demonstrated that ZnO-NPs possessed an anti-cancer effect in a zebrafish xenograft model. Collectively, these results suggest that ZnO-NPs induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial oxidative damage and p70S6K signaling pathway in human GSCC. The present study may provide an experimental basis for ZnO-NPs to be considered as a promising novel anti-tumor agent for the treatment of gingival cancer.

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“…Squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva is an extremely rare disease with a female predominance [ 32 ]. In comparison with other oral squamous cell carcinoma, the cause of gingiva squamous cell carcinoma is rarely associated with smoking, ultraviolet radiation, oncogenic viruses and infection [ 32 ]. The treatment of the disease includes surgery and/or radiotherapy, depending on the tumor stage [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical metastasis of gingival carcinoma misdiagnosed as branchiogenic carcinoma, a rare entity - report of a case and review of literature

Sun¹,

Chen²,

Sun³

et al. 2017

BMC Oral Health

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BackgroundA cervical cystic mass is associated with a number of pathologies that present with similar symptoms. These conditions are difficult to differentiate using fine-needle aspiration (FNA), ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Another dilemma in the differential diagnosis of cervical cystic masses is due to the controversies associated with the existence of branchiogenic carcinoma (BC). BC is an extremely rare disease that must be differentiated from other conditions presenting with cervical cystic masses, especially cystic metastasis from occult primary lesions.Case presentationWe present a case report of a right cervical cystic metastasis from a significantly small squamous cell carcinoma primary gingival lesion misdiagnosed as BC by histopathology. A 62-year-old female presented with a painless progressively enlarging cervical mass at the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the right submandibular region. Preoperative MRI and US revealed a well-defined cystic round mass. Postoperative histological examination indicated BC. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) revealed high 18F–FDG (18F 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose) uptake in surgical regions with a SUV (standard uptake value) max 4.0 and ipsilateral nasopharynx with a SUVmax 4.4, without any distant metastasis. Pathologic results revealed nasopharyngeal lymphadenosis. Considering the low incidence of BC and the limitation of diagnosis in one institution, the patient was referred to another hospital. Physical examination detected a significantly small neoplasm (~3 mm diameter) in the right lower gingiva. Histopathological examination of the neoplasm revealed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Surgery, including a partial mandibulectomy and modified neck dissection (neck level I–V and submental lymph nodes) were undertaken. Postoperative histopathological results revealed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of right lower gingiva and two metastatic lymph nodes in the 18 lymph nodes of level II. A month later, recurrence occurred in the right cervical level II. The patient was placed on postoperative concurrent chemo-radiotherapy and supportive care. The patient suffered from cachexia and survived for only six months after surgery.ConclusionsIn cases of cervical cystic masses that appear after the age of 40, clinicians should bear in mind that occult primary lesions should be excluded and examination of the gingiva should be undertaken. PET/CT has a limited role in identifying small occult primary lesions and a comprehensive physical examination must be carefully performed.

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Squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva: A diagnostic enigma

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases

Non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases

ZnO Nanoparticles Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Mitochondrial Dysfunction and p70S6K Signaling Pathway

Cervical metastasis of gingival carcinoma misdiagnosed as branchiogenic carcinoma, a rare entity - report of a case and review of literature

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