Squeezing Millimeter Waves into Microns

Hibbins, Alastair P.; Sambles, J. R.; Lawrence, Christopher R.; Brown, James R.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.143904

Phys. Rev. Lett.

2004

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.143904

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Squeezing Millimeter Waves into Microns

Alastair P. Hibbins

J. R. Sambles

Christopher R. Lawrence

et al.

Abstract: Microstructured metallic devices will play a vital role in the continuing search to manipulate the passage of electromagnetic radiation relevant to optical, microwave, and communication technologies. Here, we investigate the electromagnetic response of a completely novel and ultrathin ( wavelength) structure within which is buried a metal-clad waveguiding layer (''core'') of subwavelength width. By removing metal from the core cladding to form a periodic array of slits, radiation is coupled into a standing wav… Show more

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Cited by 112 publications

(107 citation statements)

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“…Indeed, a substantial body of work regarding frequency selective screens ͑FSSs͒ based on planar slit geometry exists. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, for this geometry a Fabry-Pérot-like mode is utilized to mediate transmission at well defined frequencies, which imposes a characteristic thickness upon the transmitting structure ͑ജ 0 /2͒. 3 Here we present a structure that acts as a lightweight FSS formed from an otherwise opaque ultrathin aluminum film where the metal thickness t is much less than the skin depth ␦ at these frequencies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced microwave transmission through a patterned metal film

Kelly

Lockyear

Suckling

et al. 2007

Applied Physics Letters

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Selective transmission of radiation through a two-dimensional array of subwavelength slits in an otherwise opaque thin metal film is presented at microwave frequencies. Individual slits are modified with the addition of perpendicular cuts, which interestingly and perhaps counterintuitively leads to resonant transmission when the incident radiation is polarized parallel to the slits. Finite element modeling of the structure shows the transmission of radiation polarized parallel to the slit direction to be a result of induced surface currents exciting a zeroth-order Fabry-Pérot mode. © 2007 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2745202͔ Electromagnetic ͑EM͒ pollution is currently one of the fastest growing forms of pollution due in part to the popularity of the mobile phone as a convenient communication device. As many environments such as hospitals and airports rely increasingly on sensitive electronic equipment, EM screening materials have generated much commercial interest. Indeed, a substantial body of work regarding frequency selective screens ͑FSSs͒ based on planar slit geometry exists. 1-8 However, for this geometry a Fabry-Pérot-like mode is utilized to mediate transmission at well defined frequencies, which imposes a characteristic thickness upon the transmitting structure ͑ജ 0 /2͒. 3 Here we present a structure that acts as a lightweight FSS formed from an otherwise opaque ultrathin aluminum film where the metal thickness t is much less than the skin depth ␦ at these frequencies.A one-dimensional array of subwavelength slits in metal will readily transmit radiation via coupled surface waves due to diffraction when the electric vector is polarized perpendicularly to the slit direction. 1 By contrast, radiation polarized with its electric vector parallel to the slits is reflected. Extending the array into two dimensions introduces fourfold symmetry, allowing transmission that is polarization independent since incident radiation will always have a component of the electric vector orthogonal to one of the slit directions. 5 If the slit array is deep with respect to the incident wavelength, i.e., d ജ 0 / 2, then it is also possible to couple to a series of Fabry-Pérot-type modes, 1 with the fundamental Fabry-Pérot mode existing at a wavelength corresponding to twice the slit depth. However, Suckling et al. 9 demonstrated that for incident radiation polarized parallel to the slit direction, it is possible to couple to a "zeroth-order" Fabry-Pérot mode. Here we propose a structure based on a planar subwavelength slit geometry that selectively transmits radiation at millimeter wavelengths via a coupled surface wave and remarkably allows coupling to a zeroth-order Fabry-Pérot mode while having a thickness of 1 / 100 of the operating wavelength. Coupling to both modes occurs for any azimuthal angle and is polarization independent.The structures presented here are formed from an array of slits cut into a 40 nm aluminum film. Despite being less than the skin depth at the operating wavelength, the aluminum...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced microwave transmission through a patterned metal film

Kelly

Lockyear

Suckling

et al. 2007

Applied Physics Letters

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“…It is well known that a three layered structure composed by an array of plasmonic nanostrip antennas of a fixed width on top of a ground reflecting mirror and a very thin spacer layer 18 can efficiently absorb electromagnetic wave at a certain frequency. The principle of the light absorbing is that the upper strip and the ground metal layer support a pair of anti-parallel dipoles with quite closed distance in-between, the interference of those two dipoles in far field is destructive due to their π shift phase difference so that the reflection can be totally cancelled.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At this point, it is necessary to refer readers to a work done by Hibbins et. al 18 in 2004, which concerns the microwave absorption of a scale-up sample. In this literature, fraction ratio (F), defined by the strip width over the period (W/P), is very large (F = 95%); hence the gap between neighbouring strips are quite tiny.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A thin film broadband absorber based on multi-sized nanoantennas

Cui

Fung

et al. 2011

Applied Physics Letters

264

144

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We experimentally demonstrate an infrared broadband absorber for TM polarized light based on an array of nanostrip antennas of several different sizes. The broadband property is due to the collective effect of magnetic responses excited by these nano-antennas at distinct wavelengths. By manipulating the differences of the nanostrip widths, the measured spectra clearly validate our design for the purpose of broadening the absorption band. The present broadband absorber works very well in a wide angular range.In the last decade, plasmonic nano-antennas have experienced a drastical boom period due to their enormous capability to compress light into a subwavelength region with an extremely strong amplitude. 1,2 To date, they have found significant application in diverse areas including sensor detection, 3 solar power harvesting, 4 thermal emission, 5 biomedical imaging, 6 ultrafast modulating, 7 etc. Patterned plasmonic antennas play a significant role for the design of thin film light absorbers, which suppress both the transmission and the reflection while maximizing the absorption. The first perfect absorber that composed by metallic split ring resonators and cutting wires was demonstrated by Landy et. al. 8 Then, it was followed by some work to improve the angular and polarization performance. [9][10][11][12] Nevertheless, all of the above absorbers work at a single band frequency which limits the pragmatic applications such as THz multi-frequency spectroscopy detection. 13 By incorporating different patterns of metallic elements, two dual band absorbers were carried out by different groups. 14,15 Recently, it was reported that based on an H-shaped nano-resonator array, a dual band plasmonic metamaterial absorber could also be constructed. 16 But they are still limited to a relative narrow band response. So far, to design a thin film absorber with broadband spectrum is still quite challenge. In our group, we have made some efforts in this aspect, by stacking multiple layers of metallic crosses with different geometrical dimensions to merge several closely positioned resonant peaks in the absorption spectrum. 17 However, this proposal suffers from one crucial drawback, namely that in the fabrication it is difficult to obtain perfect alignment to match the relative position of each pattern in different layers.It is well known that a three layered structure composed by an array of plasmonic nanostrip antennas of a fixed width on top of a ground reflecting mirror and a very thin spacer layer 18 can efficiently absorb electromagnetic wave at a certain frequency. The principle of the light absorbing is that the upper strip and the ground metal layer support a pair of anti-parallel dipoles with quite closed distance in-between, the interference of those two dipoles in far field is destructive due to their π shift phase difference so that the reflection can be totally cancelled.In this letter, also aiming at broadening the absorption band, we borrow the concept of the collective effect of multiple different oscillators 1...

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“…17,18 For two aligned and unrotated patch arrays waveguidelike resonant modes in the cavity formed between the patch layers are excited. 19 In isolation, or when the separation between the patch arrays is large compared with the wavelength, these arrays exhibit an isotropic EM response, and can be satisfactorily represented using a simple effective medium approach. This is evidenced by the fact that the normal incidence EM response of a single array is not dependent on the angle between the plane of incidence and the axes of the lattice (azimuth ϕ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resonant microwave transmission from a double layer of subwavelength metal square arrays: Evanescent handedness

Butler¹,

Hobson²,

Hibbins³

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. B

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A double layer of identical subwavelength metal patch arrays is experimentally shown to be electromagnetically chiral due to the evanescent coupling of the near fields between nonchiral layers-it exhibits "evanescent handedness." Despite each layer being intrinsically isotropic in the plane with four mirror planes orthogonal to the plane of the structure, circular dichroism, leading to significant polarization rotation, is found in the resonant microwave transmission for any incident linear polarization. Xj, 41.20.Jb, 78.20.Ek, 78.67.Pt Chirality is determined by the symmetry of a structure. The most obvious example of chirality is the symmetry of our hands. The left and right may be identical to their mirror image, however, one cannot be translated to become the other. Structures that are electromagnetically chiral give rise to selective reflection or transmission of one specific circular polarization state of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, and may induce rotation of the plane of linearly polarized radiation on transmission or reflection. Such responses arise in a variety of ways. Sugar solution, for example, gives rise to rather weak rotations of polarization due to the intrinsic chirality of the sugar molecules. 1 Anisotropic (uniaxial) liquid crystals, when arranged so that the "director" of their molecules twists slowly (compared to the wavelength of incident radiation) with distance perpendicularly away from the surface, may cause very strong polarization rotation. This phenomenon is used extensively in flat screen liquid crystal displays (LCDs). 2 Recently, the concept of chirality in subwavelengthstructured materials ("metamaterials" see Refs. 3 and 4) has created much interest in the EM research community. Investigations into the induced optical activity have explored arrays of both chiral and nonchiral elements confined to a plane. These have included studies of optical activity in intrinsically nonchiral but anisotropic metamaterials, 5 asymmetric transmission of EM radiation through anisotropic planar chiral structures, 6 and both planar and nonplanar chiral metamaterials for creating a negative refractive index. 7,8 Researchers have also considered other structures with relatively complex chiral elements including multiple layers of rosettes 9 and gammadions, 10,11 as well as much simpler geometries such as wire pairs 12,13 and rotated crosses. 14,15 In addition, a new aspect of chirality has recently been presented by Plum et al.,16 showing that asymmetric transmission of circularly polarized waves can be achieved through any lossy periodically structured system for oblique incidence.The work presented in this rapid communication provides a fresh development in this field. We demonstrate chirality at normal incidence arising from two closely spaced isotropic layers with four mirror planes formed of nonchiral elements. Each layer is composed of identical square arrays of subwavelength square metallic patches. Each array is nondiffracting, and arranged with its sides parallel to the axes of the...

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Squeezing Millimeter Waves into Microns

Cited by 112 publications

References 16 publications

Enhanced microwave transmission through a patterned metal film

Enhanced microwave transmission through a patterned metal film

A thin film broadband absorber based on multi-sized nanoantennas

Resonant microwave transmission from a double layer of subwavelength metal square arrays: Evanescent handedness

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